Vaccines with interleukin-33 as an adjuvant

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein is a vaccine comprising an antigen and IL-33. Also disclosed herein is a method for increasing an immune response in a subject in need thereof. Further disclosed herein is a method for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof. The methods may comprise administering the vaccine to the subject.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 61/887,502, filed Oct. 7, 2013, and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/895,673, filed Oct. 25, 2013, all of which are herebyincorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to vaccines comprising an antigen andIL-33, and methods of administering such vaccines.

BACKGROUND

Vaccines are used to stimulate an immune response in an individual toprovide protection against and/or treatment for a particular disease.Some vaccines include an antigen to induce the immune response. Someantigens elicit a strong immune response while other antigens elicit aweak immune response. A weak immune response to an antigen can bestrengthened by including an adjuvant in the vaccine. Adjuvants come inmany different forms, for example, aluminum salts, oil emulsions,sterile constituents of bacteria or other pathogens, cytokines, and soforth.

Cytokines are proteins made by cells that affect the behavior of othercells, and unlike many adjuvants, can modulate specific immuneresponses. One such cytokine is Interleukin-33 (IL-33). IL-33 is anendogenous signal or alarm in that alerts the immune system upon tissueinjury or infection. In particular, full-length IL-33 is released intothe extracellular space and activates its receptor ST2. Activation ofST2 leads to inflammatory and type 2 immune responses.

Vaccines are also administered in many different ways (e.g., injection,orally, etc.) into many different tissues (e.g., intramuscular, nasal,etc.). Not all delivery methods, however, are equal. Some deliverymethods allow for greater compliance within a population of individualswhile other delivery methods may affect immunogenicity and/or safety ofthe vaccine. Accordingly, a need remains in the art for the developmentof safe and more effective adjuvants that increase immune responses tothe antigen.

SUMMARY

The present invention is directed to a vaccine comprising an antigen andIL-33. IL-33 can be encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from thegroup consisting of: a nucleotide sequence having at least about 95%identity to a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, anucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, a nucleotide sequencehaving at least about 95% identity to a nucleotide sequence as set forthin SEQ ID NO:3, and a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.IL-33 can be encoded by the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ IDNO:1. IL-33 can be encoded by the nucleotide sequence as set forth inSEQ ID NO:3.

The antigen can be encoded by a first nucleic acid and IL-33 can beencoded by a second nucleic acid. The second nucleic acid can furthercomprise an expression vector. The vaccine can further comprise anantigen peptide with the same encoded nucleic acid sequence as the aboveantigen and an IL-33 peptide with the same encoded nucleic acid sequenceas the above IL-33.

IL-33 can be selected from the group consisting of: proIL-33 andmtrIL-33. IL-33 can be proIL-33. ProIL-33 can be encoded by a nucleotidesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. IL-33 can be mtrIL-33. MtrIL-33can be encoded by a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

The antigen can be selected from the group consisting of: a humanpapilloma virus (HPV) antigen, an Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)antigen, an influenza antigen, a Plasmodium falciparum antigen, aMycobacterium tuberculosis antigen, a lymphocytic choriomeningitis(LCMV) antigen, and a fragment thereof. The HPV antigen can be selectedfrom the group consisting of: HPV16 E6 antigen, HPV16 E7 antigen, and acombination thereof. The HIV antigen can be selected from the groupconsisting of: Env A, Env B, Env C, Env D, B Nef-Rev, Gag, and anycombination thereof. The influenza antigen can be selected from thegroup consisting of: H1 HA, H2 HA, H3 HA, H5 HA, BHA antigen, and anycombination thereof. The Plasmodium falciparum antigen can include acircumsporozoite (CS) antigen. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigencan be selected from the group consisting of: Ag85A, Ag85B, EsxA, EsxB,EsxC, EsxD, EsxE, EsxF, EsxH, EsxO, EsxQ, EsxR, EsxS, EsxT, EsxU, EsxV,EsxW, and any combination thereof. The LCMV antigen can be selected fromthe group consisting of: nucleoprotein (NP), glycoprotein (GP), and acombination thereof.

The vaccine can further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient.

The present invention is also directed to a method for increasing animmune response in a subject in need thereof. The method can compriseadministering a vaccine comprising an antigen and IL-33 to the subject.IL-33 can be encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the groupconsisting of: a nucleotide sequence having at least about 95% identityto a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, a nucleotidesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, a nucleotide sequence having atleast about 95% identity to a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ IDNO:3, and a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. IL-33 canbe encoded by the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. IL-33can be encoded by the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.

Administering the vaccine can include electroporation. The immuneresponse in the subject can be increased by at least about 2-fold. Theimmune response in the subject can be increased by at least about4-fold. Increasing the immune response in the subject can includeincreasing a cellular immune response in the subject.

The present invention is further directed to a method for treatingcancer in a subject in need thereof. The method can compriseadministering a vaccine comprising an antigen and IL-33 to the subject.IL-33 can be encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the groupconsisting of: a nucleotide sequence having at least about 95% identityto a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, a nucleotidesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, a nucleotide sequence having atleast about 95% identity to a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ IDNO:3, and a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. IL-33 canbe encoded by the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. IL-33can be encoded by the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.

The method for treating cancer can further comprise reducing tumor sizein the subject. The method for treating cancer can further compriseincreasing tumor regression in the subject. The cancer can be selectedfrom the group consisting of: an HPV-associated cancer, anHBV-associated cancer, an ovarian cancer, a prostate cancer, a breastcancer, a brain cancer, a head and neck cancer, a throat cancer, a lungcancer, a liver cancer, a cancer of the pancreas, a kidney cancer, abone cancer, a melanoma, a metastatic cancer, an hTERT-associatedcancer, a FAP-antigen associated cancer, a non-small cell lung cancer, ablood cancer, an esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, a cervical cancer,a bladder cancer, a colorectal cancer, a gastric cancer, an anal cancer,a synovial carcinoma, a testicular cancer, a recurrent respiratorypapillomatosis, a skin cancer, a glioblastoma, an hepatocarcinoma, astomach cancer, an acute myeloid leukemia, a triple-negative breastcancer, and primary cutaneous T cell lymphoma. The cancer can be theHPV-associated cancer.

The present invention is further directed to a nucleic acid moleculecomprising one or more nucleotide sequences selected from the groupconsisting of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, a nucleotide sequence that is95% identical or greater to SEQ ID NO:1, a nucleotide sequence that is95% identical or greater to SEQ ID NO:3, and any combination thereof.The nucleic acid molecule can be a plasmid. The nucleic acid moleculecan be one or more plasmids.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows in (A) a schematic representation of the mouse proIL-33 andmouse mtrIL-33 constructs; (B) western blot detection of proIL-33 andmtrIL-33; (C) ELISA detection of secreted proIL-33 and mtrIL-33; and (D)cellular localization of proIL-33 and mtrIL-33.

FIG. 2 shows in (A) a DNA vaccine immunization schedule; (B) IFN-γELISpot; and (C) IL-4 ELISpot.

FIG. 3 shows in (A) the gating strategy for the flow cytometry analysis;(B) E6/E7-specific CD4⁺ T cells releasing IFN-γ; (C) E6/E7-specific CD4⁺T cells releasing TNF-α; (D) E6/E7-specific CD4⁺ T cells releasing IFN-γand TNF-α; and (E) subpopulations of single- and double-positive CD4⁺ Tcells.

FIG. 4 shows in (A) E6/E7-specific CD8⁺ T cells releasing IFN-γ; (B)E6/E7-specific CD8⁺ T cells releasing TNF-α; (C) E6/E7-specific CD8⁺ Tcells releasing IFN-γ and TNF-α; (D) subpopulations of single- anddouble-positive CD8⁺ T cells; (E) E6/E7-specific CTLs expressingdegranulation marker CD107a; and (F) subpopulations of single-, double-,and triple-positive CD8⁺ T cells.

FIG. 5 shows in (A) kinetics of Ly5.1 expression and (B) distribution ofeffector-memory CD8⁺ T cells.

FIG. 6 shows representative flurorescent intensity plots ofGP33/Ly5.1-specific CD8⁺ T cell responses.

FIG. 7 shows in (A) specific total IgG antibodies against HPV16 E7; (B)specific total IgE antibodies against HPV16 E7; and (C) total IgEantibodies detected in serum.

FIG. 8 shows in (A) a schematic illustration of the timeline of thetherapeutic regimen; and (B) average tumor size over time after tumorcell challenge.

FIG. 9 shows the percent survival of mice after tumor cell challenge.

FIG. 10 shows a schematic representation of the human proIL-33 and humanmtrIL-33 constructs.

FIG. 11 shows in (A) a schematic illustration of the timeline forexperiments examining LCMV challenge; (B) percent survival of micechallenged i.c. with 20xLD₅₀ Armstrong LCMV; and (C) percent survival ofmice challenged i.c. with 40xLD₅₀ Armstrong LCMV.

FIG. 12 shows in (A) the ability of CD8⁺ T cells to produce IFN-γ inresponse to the D^(b)NP396 epitope as determined by IFN-γ ELISpot assay;(B) the total cytokine (i.e., IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2) frequencies ofD^(b)NP396-specific CD8⁺ T cells as measured by flow cytometry; (C)subpopulations of single-, double-, and triple-positive CD8⁺ T cellsreleasing the cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2; (D) the percentage ofantigen-specific cytolytic, degranulation T cells producing IFN-γ , inwhich degranulation T cells were identified by the degranulation markerCD107a and dot plots were representative of each mouse group; (E) thepercent proliferation of CD8⁺ T cells stimulated with D^(b)NP396peptide, anti-CD3, and anti-CD28 as measured by cell tracer violet andflow cytometry; and (F) the percent proliferation of effector-memoryCD8⁺ T cells upon stimulation with D^(b)NP396 peptide, in which the dotplots were representative of CD62L⁻CD44⁺ CD8⁺ T cells after stimulation.

FIG. 13 shows in (A) the kinetics of D^(b)Gp33 (Tet⁺)-specific CD8 Tcells in the blood following DNA vaccination with a prime at day 0 and aboost with GP alone (arrow) on day 21 post vaccination (dpv); (B) thefrequency of D^(b)GP33 CD8⁺ T cells at 21 dpv; (C) GP-specific T cellsproducing IFN-γ on 21 dpv as measured by IFN-γ ELISpot assay; (D) thefrequency of GP-specific IFN-γ⁺CD8⁺ T cells at 21 dpv; (E) the frequencyof GP-specific CD107a⁺CD8⁺ T cells at 21 dpv; and (F) the frequency ofGP-specific T-bet⁺CD8⁺ T cells at 21 dpv.

FIG. 14 shows in (A) a schematic illustrating a vaccine immunizationschedule; and (B) the kinetics of the CD8⁺KLRG1⁺ T cell population afterDNA vaccination.

FIG. 15 shows in (A) the kinetics of D^(b)GP33⁺CD8⁺CD122⁺ T celldevelopment after DNA vaccination with a prime at day 0 and a boost withGP-alone (arrow) at day 21 as well as representative contour plotsindicating CD122 cell surface expression in D^(b)GP33⁺ tetramer-specificCD8⁺ T cells in peripheral blood on day 21 and day 31; (B) IFN-γproduction by CD8⁺CD122⁺ T cells following re-stimulation ex vivo withGP antigen peptide pool on 21 dpv from harvested mice (n=4) spleens; and(C) representative IFN-γ production by CD8 T cell subsets (i.e.,CD8⁺KLRG1⁺, CD8⁺CD122⁺, CD8⁺KLRG1⁻, and CD8⁺CD122⁻) followingre-stimulation ex vivo with D^(b)NP396 peptide on 21 dpv from harvestedmice spleens (n=4).

FIG. 16 shows in (A) a schematic of the immunization schedule ofdelivery of the DNA vaccine with anti-CD122 mAb; (B) an assessment of Tcells expressing CD8 and CD122 in untreated and anti-CD122 treated mice;and (C) the frequency of D^(b)GP33 tetramer-specific CD8⁺ T cells in thespleen after anti-CD122 mAb treatment and representative contour plotsdepicting D^(b)GP33 CD8⁺ T cells after treatment.

FIG. 17 shows in (A) detection of antigen-specific cells secreting IFN-γafter vaccination as measured by IFN-γ ELISpot assay; (B) the percentageof polyfunctional CD4⁺ T cells as determined by multi-parameter flowcytometry, in which the bar chart depicted the percentage ofHIV-specific T cells displayed as triple-, double-, and single-positivecells secreting cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α, and the pie chartdepicted the relative proportion of each cytokine subpopulation; and (C)the percentage of polyfunctional CD8⁺ T cells as determined bymulti-parameter flow cytometry, in which the bar chart depicted thepercentage of HIV-specific T cells displayed as triple-, double-, andsingle-positive cells secreting cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α, andthe pie chart depicted the relative proportion of each cytokinesubpopulation.

FIG. 18 shows in (A) detection of antigen-specific cells secreting IFN-γafter vaccination as measured by IFN-γ ELISpot assay; (B) the percentageof polyfunctional CD4⁺ T cells as determined by multi-parameter flowcytometry, in which the bar chart depicted the percentage of TB-specificT cells displayed as triple-, double-, and single-positive cellssecreting cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α, and the pie chart depictedthe relative proportion of each cytokine subpopulation; and (C) thepercentage of polyfunctional CD8⁺ T cells as determined bymulti-parameter flow cytometry, in which the bar chart depicted thepercentage of TB-specific T cells displayed as triple-, double-, andsingle-positive cells secreting cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α, andthe pie chart depicted the relative proportion of each cytokinesubpopulation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to a vaccine that can be used to increasean immune response to an antigen in a subject by using IL-33 as anadjuvant. When used as an adjuvant, IL-33 unexpectedly increases Thelper 1 (Th1), and not T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses. This is instark contrast to IL-33's biological function in activating the innateand Th2 immune responses. In some instances, IL-33 can increase thelevels of the anti-viral cytokines Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumornecrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). IL-33 can also increase the level of thecytokine IL-2. Accordingly, IL-33 can increase subpopulations ofpolyfunctional CD4⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cells to promote the cellularimmune response.

IL-33 can further induce expansion and differentiation ofeffector-memory T cells to promote the cellular immune response.CD122⁺CD8⁺ regulatory T cells may reduce the effectiveness of a vaccineand thus, suppression of these cells by IL-33 can further promote thecellular immune response induced by the vaccine.

IL-33 can augment the cellular immune response to antigens such as viraland bacterial antigens, for example, a human papilloma virus (HPV)antigen, an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigen, aMycobacteriumtuberculosis antigen, and a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)antigen. As such, IL-33 can promote significant protection against suchpathogens.

The vaccine of the present invention can prevent cancer or tumorformation. The vaccine can also cause regression of established canceror tumors. The regression can be 90% or greater regression. Theregression of the cancer can be complete. The vaccine can furtherprevent and cause regression of virus-associated cancers, for example,HPV-associated cancer. Accordingly, also provided herein is a method forthe treatment of cancer by administering the vaccine to a subject inneed thereof.

1. DEFINITIONS

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art. In case of conflict, the present document, includingdefinitions, will control. Preferred methods and materials are describedbelow, although methods and materials similar or equivalent to thosedescribed herein can be used in practice or testing of the presentinvention. All publications, patent applications, patents and otherreferences mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in theirentirety. The materials, methods, and examples disclosed herein areillustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

The terms “comprise(s),” “include(s),” “having,” “has,” “can,”“contain(s),” and variants thereof, as used herein, are intended to beopen-ended transitional phrases, terms, or words that do not precludethe possibility of additional acts or structures. The singular forms“a,” “and” and “the” include plural references unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise. The present disclosure also contemplatesother embodiments “comprising,” “consisting of” and “consistingessentially of,” the embodiments or elements presented herein, whetherexplicitly set forth or not.

“Adjuvant” as used herein means any molecule added to the vaccinedescribed herein to enhance the immunogenicity of the antigens.

“Fragment” as used herein means a nucleic acid sequence or a portionthereof, that encodes a polypeptide capable of eliciting an immuneresponse in a mammal. The fragments can be DNA fragments selected fromat least one of the various nucleotide sequences that encode proteinfragments set forth below.

“Immune response” as used herein means the activation of a host's immunesystem, e.g., that of a mammal, in response to the introduction ofantigen. The immune response can be in the form of a cellular or humoralresponse, or both.

“Nucleic acids” as used herein can be single stranded or doublestranded, or can contain portions of both double stranded and singlestranded sequence. The nucleic acid can be DNA, both genomic and cDNA,RNA, or a hybrid, where the nucleic acid can contain combinations ofdeoxyribo- and ribo-nucleotides, and combinations of bases includinguracil, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, inosine, xanthinehypoxanthine, isocytosine and isoguanine. Nucleic acids can be obtainedby chemical synthesis methods or by recombinant methods.

“Operably linked” as used herein means that expression of a gene isunder the control of a promoter with which it is spatially connected. Apromoter can be positioned 5′ (upstream) or 3′ (downstream) of a geneunder its control. The distance between the promoter and a gene can beapproximately the same as the distance between that promoter and thegene it controls in the gene from which the promoter is derived. As isknown in the art, variation in this distance can be accommodated withoutloss of promoter function.

A “peptide,” “protein,” or “polypeptide” as used herein can mean alinked sequence of amino acids and can be natural, synthetic, or amodification or combination of natural and synthetic.

“Promoter” as used herein means a synthetic or naturally-derivedmolecule which is capable of conferring, activating or enhancingexpression of a nucleic acid in a cell. A promoter can comprise one ormore specific transcriptional regulatory sequences to further enhanceexpression and/or to alter the spatial expression and/or temporalexpression of same. A promoter can also comprise distal enhancer orrepressor elements, which can be located as much as several thousandbase pairs from the start site of transcription. A promoter can bederived from sources including viral, bacterial, fungal, plants,insects, and animals. A promoter can regulate the expression of a genecomponent constitutively or differentially with respect to cell, thetissue or organ in which expression occurs or, with respect to thedevelopmental stage at which expression occurs, or in response toexternal stimuli such as physiological stresses, pathogens, metal ions,or inducing agents. Representative examples of promoters include thebacteriophage T7 promoter, bacteriophage T3 promoter, SP6 promoter, lacoperator-promoter, tac promoter, SV40 late promoter, SV40 earlypromoter, RSV-LTR promoter, CMV IE promoter, SV40 early promoter or SV40late promoter and the CMV IE promoter.

“Treatment” or “treating,” as used herein can mean protection of ananimal from a disease through means of preventing, suppressing,repressing, or completely eliminating the disease. Preventing thedisease involves administering a vaccine of the present invention to ananimal prior to onset of the disease. Suppressing the disease involvesadministering a vaccine of the present invention to an animal afterinduction of the disease, but before its clinical appearance. Repressingthe disease involves administering a vaccine of the present invention toan animal after clinical appearance of the disease.

“Subject” as used herein can mean a mammal that wants to or is in needof being immunized with the herein described vaccine. The mammal can bea human, chimpanzee, dog, cat, horse, cow, mouse, or rat.

“Variant” as used herein with respect to a nucleic acid means (i) aportion or fragment of a referenced nucleotide sequence; (ii) thecomplement of a referenced nucleotide sequence or portion thereof; (iii)a nucleic acid that is substantially identical to a referenced nucleicacid or the complement thereof; or (iv) a nucleic acid that hybridizesunder stringent conditions to the referenced nucleic acid, complementthereof, or a sequences substantially identical thereto.

Variant can further be defined as a peptide or polypeptide that differsin amino acid sequence by the insertion, deletion, or conservativesubstitution of amino acids, but retain at least one biologicalactivity. Representative examples of “biological activity” include theability to be bound by a specific antibody or to promote an immuneresponse. Variant can also mean a protein with an amino acid sequencethat is substantially identical to a referenced protein with an aminoacid sequence that retains at least one biological activity. Aconservative substitution of an amino acid, i.e., replacing an aminoacid with a different amino acid of similar properties (e.g.,hydrophilicity, degree and distribution of charged regions) isrecognized in the art as typically involving a minor change. These minorchanges can be identified, in part, by considering the hydropathic indexof amino acids, as understood in the art. Kyte et al., J. Mol. Biol.157:105-132 (1982). The hydropathic index of an amino acid is based on aconsideration of its hydrophobicity and charge. It is known in the artthat amino acids of similar hydropathic indexes can be substituted andstill retain protein function. In one aspect, amino acids havinghydropathic indexes of ±2 are substituted. The hydrophilicity of aminoacids can also be used to reveal substitutions that would result inproteins retaining biological function. A consideration of thehydrophilicity of amino acids in the context of a peptide permitscalculation of the greatest local average hydrophilicity of thatpeptide, a useful measure that has been reported to correlate well withantigenicity and immunogenicity. Substitution of amino acids havingsimilar hydrophilicity values can result in peptides retainingbiological activity, for example immunogenicity, as is understood in theart. Substitutions can be performed with amino acids havinghydrophilicity values within ±2 of each other. Both the hydrophobicityindex and the hydrophilicity value of amino acids are influenced by theparticular side chain of that amino acid. Consistent with thatobservation, amino acid substitutions that are compatible withbiological function are understood to depend on the relative similarityof the amino acids, and particularly, the side chains of those aminoacids, as revealed by the hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, charge, size,and other properties.

A variant may be a nucleic acid sequence that is substantially identicalover the full length of the full gene sequence or a fragment thereof.The nucleic acid sequence may be 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%,88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical over the full length of the gene sequence or a fragmentthereof. A variant may be an amino acid sequence that is substantiallyidentical over the full length of the amino acid sequence or fragmentthereof. The amino acid sequence may be 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%,86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical over the full length of the amino acid sequence or afragment thereof.

“Vector” as used herein means a nucleic acid sequence containing anorigin of replication. A vector can be a viral vector, bacteriophage,bacterial artificial chromosome or yeast artificial chromosome. A vectorcan be a DNA or RNA vector. A vector can be a self-replicatingextrachromosomal vector, and preferably, is a DNA plasmid.

For the recitation of numeric ranges herein, each intervening numberthere between with the same degree of precision is explicitlycontemplated. For example, for the range of 6-9, the numbers 7 and 8 arecontemplated in addition to 6 and 9, and for the range 6.0-7.0, thenumber 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, and 7.0 areexplicitly contemplated.

2. VACCINE

Provided herein is a vaccine comprising an antigen and an adjuvant. Thevaccine can increase antigen presentation and the overall immuneresponse to the antigen in a subject. The combination of antigen andadjuvant induces the immune system more efficiently than a vaccinecomprising the antigen alone. This more efficient immune responseprovides increased efficacy in the treatment and/or prevention of anydisease, pathogen, or virus, including cancer as described in moredetail below.

The vaccine of the present invention can have features required ofeffective vaccines such as being safe so that the vaccine itself doesnot cause illness or death; being protective against illness resultingfrom exposure to live pathogens such as viruses or bacteria; inducingneutralizing antibody to prevent infection of cells; inducing protectiveT cell response against intracellular pathogens; and providing ease ofadministration, few side effects, biological stability, and low cost perdose. The vaccine can accomplish some or all of these features bycombining the antigen with the adjuvant as discussed below.

The vaccine can further modify epitope presentation within the antigento induce greater immune response to the antigen than a vaccinecomprising the antigen alone. The vaccine can further induce an immuneresponse when administered to different tissues such as the muscle orthe skin.

a. Adjuvant

The vaccine can comprise an adjuvant. The adjuvant can be a nucleic acidsequence, an amino acid sequence, or a combination thereof. The nucleicacid sequence can be DNA, RNA, cDNA, a variant thereof, a fragmentthereof, or a combination thereof. The nucleic acid sequence can alsoinclude additional sequences that encode linker or tag sequences thatare linked to the adjuvant by a peptide bond. The amino acid sequencecan be a protein, a peptide, a variant thereof, a fragment thereof, or acombination thereof.

(1) IL-33

The adjuvant can be interleukin-33 (IL-33), fragments thereof, variantsthereof, or combinations thereof. IL-33 is a member of the Interleukin-1(IL-1) family of cytokines, which are involved in early immune andinflammatory responses following tissue injury or infection. IL-1 familymembers also coordinate later adaptive immune responses, namely T helper2 (Th2) immune responses. Dysregulation of this family has beenimplicated in many diseases, for example, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis,Crohn's disease, periodontitis, and sepsis. In particular, IL-33 levelsare elevated in the inflammatory diseases asthma and rheumatoidarthritis, and IL-33 promotes the pathogenesis of Th2-related diseasessuch as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and anaphylaxis. In contrast, IL-33has protective effects in cardiovascular diseases such asatherosclerosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiac remodeling, andcontributes to host defense against parasitic and bacterial infections.

Full-length IL-33 is constitutively expressed in the nucleus ofendothelial and epithelial cells, where it is associated withheterochromatin and mitotic chromatin. The amino terminus of full-lengthIL-33 includes a chromatin binding domain or motif (CBD) and nuclearlocalization signal (NLS). In particular, the CBD is a homeodomain-likehelix-turn-helix motif, which acts as a transcriptional repressor.

Full-length IL-33, however, is also released into the extracellularspace upon tissue injury or infection as an alarmin. Extracellular IL-33binds the cell surface receptor ST2 to activate cells of the innateimmune system, for example, mast cells and eosinophils, to signal danger(i.e., injury or infection) and induce an inflammatory response. Inducedpro-inflammatory mediators include tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-1β,and Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). IL-33 also induces more recentlydiscovered innate immune cells, namely innate lymphoid cells type 2(ILC2). ILC2 are non-B non-T cells and produce Th2 type cytokines, forexample, Interleukin-4, -5, and -13 (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13,respectively).

Additionally, extracellular IL-33 is cleaved by proteases, in which theresulting fragments bind ST2 and amplify the initial “danger” signal.ST2 is also expressed in many other cell types (though mostlyhematopoietic), for example, different subsets of CD4⁺ T cells,basophils, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, invariantnatural killer T cells, and activated neutrophils, thereby allowingIL-33 to induce production of various cytokines and chemokines, and cellactivation, differentiation, polarization, or chemotaxis. ST2 is aselective marker for Th2 type cells and exists as a membrane bound formand a soluble form. The membrane bound form of ST2 when bound by IL-33triggers nuclear factor (NF)-⁻KB and mitogen-activated protein kinasepathways (e.g., p38, JNK, ERK1, and ERK2) to initiate cell signaling.Soluble ST2 also binds IL-33, but is a decoy molecule, therebyinhibiting IL-33.

Furthermore, IL-33 can exist in a mature or truncated form that lacksthe CBD and NLS. Mature IL-33 can act as a proinflammatory cytokine tomodulate immune responses.

IL-33 can increase or boost the immune response to the antigen in thesubject. The antigen is discussed in more detail below. In someinstances, IL-33 can increase the immune response to the antigen byabout 75% to about 200%. Alternatively, IL-33 can increase the immuneresponse to the antigen by about 90% to about 130%. In still otheralternative embodiments, IL-33 can increase the immune response to theantigen by about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%,101%, 102%, 103%, 104%, 105%, 106%, 107%, 108%, 109%, 110%, 111%, 112%,113%, 114%, 115%, 116%, 117%, 118%, 119%, 120%, 121%, 122%, 123%, 124%,125%, 126%, 127%, 128%, 129%, or 130%.

In other embodiments, IL-33 can increase or boost the immune response tothe antigen by at least about 1.5-fold, at least about 2.0-fold, atleast about 2.5-fold, at least about 3.0-fold, at least about 3.5-fold,at least about 4.0-fold, at least about 4.5-fold, at least about5.0-fold, at least about 5.5-fold, at least about 6.0-fold, at leastabout 6.5-fold, at least about 7.0-fold, at least about 7.5-fold, atleast about 8.0-fold, at least about 8.5-fold, at least about 9.0-fold,at least about 9.5-fold, or at least about 10.0-fold.

When IL-33 increases or boosts the immune response to the antigen in thesubject, Interleukin-4 (IL-4) levels (secretion) and Immunoglobin E(IgE) levels are not increased in the subject. Unexpectedly, IL-33 as anadjuvant does not increase or boost the Th2 immune response to theantigen in the subject. IL-33 as an adjuvant, instead, can increase orboost the Th1 or cellular immune response to the antigen in the subject.

The Th1 immune response involves the activation of T cell responses.These T cell responses may include CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell responses andthe secretion of interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and/orinterleuking (IL-2). Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor alphahave antiviral, immunoregulatory, and anti-tumor properties and canalter transcription in multiple genes to produce a variety ofphysiological and cellular responses. Some effects by interferon-gammainclude promoting natural killer cell (NK cells) activity, causingnormal cells to increase expression of class I MHC molecules, increasingantigen presentation and lysosome activity in macrophages, inducingnitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and promoting Th1 differentiation incellular immunity with regards to cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cells whilesuppressing Th2 differentiation in humoral (antibody) immunity.

Cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)) are a subgroupof T cells that induce the death of cells infected with viruses andother pathogens. Upon activation, CTLs undergo clonal expansion toproduce effector cells that are antigen-specific. Effector CTLs releasethrough a process of directed exocytosis (i.e., degranulation) moleculesthat kill infected or target cells, for example, perforin, granulysin,and granzyme. When no longer needed, many effector CTLs die, but someeffector cells are retained as memory cells such that when the antigenis encountered again, the memory cells differentiate into effector cellsto more quickly mount an immune response.

When IL-33 increases or boosts the Th1 or cellular immune response,Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels (secretion) are increased. In someinstances, IL-33 can increase the Th1 or cellular immune response to theantigen by about 1.5-fold to about 10.0-fold, about 1.5-fold to about8.0-fold, about 1.5-fold to about 6.0-fold, about 1.5-fold to about4.0-fold, about 2.0-fold to about 10.0-fold, about 2.0-fold to about8.0-fold, about 2.0-fold to about 6.0-fold, about 2.0-fold to about4.0-fold, about 2.5-fold to about 4.0-fold, about 4.0-fold to about10.0-fold, about 6.0-fold to about 10.0-fold, or about 8.0-fold to about10.0-fold. IL-33 can also increase the Th1 or cellular immune responseto the antigen by at least about 2.5-fold, at least about 2.6-fold, atleast about 2.7-fold, at least about 2.8-fold, at least about 2.9-fold,at least about 3.0-fold, at least about 3.1-fold, at least about3.2-fold, at least about 3.3-fold, at least about 3.4-fold, at leastabout 3.5-fold, at least about 3.6-fold, at least about 3.7-fold, atleast about 3.8-fold, at least about 3.9-fold, at least about 4.0-fold,at least about 4.1-fold, at least about 4.2-fold, at least about4.3-fold, at least about 4.4-fold, at least about 4.5-fold, at leastabout 4.6-fold, at least about 4.7-fold, at least about 4.8-fold, atleast about 4.9-fold, at least about 5.0-fold, at least about 6.0-fold,at least about 7.0-fold, at least about 8.0-fold, at least about9.0-fold, or at least about 10.0-fold. IL-33 can further increase theTh1 or cellular immune response by about 3.5-fold or 4.0-fold.

The increased or boosted immune response to the antigen can also includean increased CD4⁺ T cell response. The increased CD4⁺ T cell responsecan include increasing in the subject the population or frequency ofCD4⁺ T cells that secrete IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α),IL-2, or both IFN-γ and TNF-α, or some combination of IFN-γ, TNF-α, andIL-2 (e.g., triple-positive cells expressing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2).Accordingly, the increased CD4⁺ T cell response can include increasingsubpopulations of polyfunctional CD4⁺ T cells.

The increased or boosted immune response to the antigen can furtherinclude an increased CD8⁺ T cell response. The increased CD8⁺ T cellresponse can include increasing in the subject the population orfrequency of CD8⁺ T cells that secrete IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, or both IFN-γand TNF-α, or some combination of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 (e.g.,triple-positive cells expressing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2). Accordingly,the increased CD8⁺ T cell response can include increasing subpopulationsof polyfunctional CD8⁺ T cells.

The increased CD8⁺ T cell response can also include an increasedcytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte (CTL) response. The increased CTL responsecan include increasing in the subject the population or frequency ofCD8⁺ T cells undergoing degranulation. The increased CTL response canfurther include increasing in the subject the population or frequency ofCD8+ T cells expressing CD107a. The increased CTL response can furtherinclude increasing in the subject the population or frequency of CD8⁺ Tcells co-expressing CD107a, IFN-γ, and TNF-α.

The increased or boosted immune response to the antigen can furtherinclude the expansion and differentiation of CD8⁺ T cells in thesubject. Such expansion can occur in the periphery. Additionally, recallof established memory CD8⁺ T cells is increased in the subject. As such,IL-33 can increase the cellular immune response by expanding botheffector and effector-memory CD8⁺ T cell populations that are specificto the antigen. The expanded effector and effector-memory CD8⁺ T cellpopulations can have an increased frequency of cells that express KLRG1.

The increased or boosted immune response to the antigen can furtherinclude the suppression of CD122⁺CD8⁺ regulatory T cells, for example,by preventing expansion of these cells. CD122⁺CD8⁺ regulatory T cellsmay suppress the immune response induced by a vaccine and thus, theeffectiveness of a vaccine. By suppressing CD122⁺CD8⁺ regulatory Tcells, IL-33 increases the immune response to the antigen, and thus, theeffectiveness (i.e., protection) provided by the vaccine.

The increased or boosted immune response to the antigen can furtherinclude protection against disease associated with the antigen. In someembodiments, the increased or boosted immune response to the antigen caninclude complete protection against disease associated with the antigen.In other embodiments, the increased or boosted immune response to theantigen can include at least about a 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%,77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%,91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% survival rateagainst disease associated with the antigen.

(a) ProIL-33

IL-33 can be a proIL-33, fragments thereof, or variants thereof.ProIL-33 is full-length or uncleaved IL-33. Accordingly, proIL-33includes both the chromatin binding domain or motif (CBD) and a nuclearlocalization signal (NLS). ProIL-33 can be localized in both the nucleusand cytoplasm. In particular, proIL-33 can be substantially localized inthe nucleus.

As described above for IL-33, proIL-33 does not increase the levels ofIgE when increasing the immune response. ProIL-33, unlike mtrIL-33 whichis described below, can increase in the subject the levels ofImmunoglobulin G (IgG) specific to the antigen. ProIL-33 can increasethe levels of IgG specific to the antigen by about 1.5-fold to about10.0-fold, about 2.0-fold to about 6.0-fold, or about 2.0-fold to about4.0-fold. ProIL-33 can also increase the levels of IgG specific to theantigen by at least about 1.5-fold, at least about 2.0-fold, at leastabout 2.5-fold, at least about 3.0-fold, at least about 3.5-fold, atleast about 4.0-fold, at least about 4.5-fold, at least about 5.0-fold,at least about 5.5-fold, at least about 6.0-fold, at least about6.5-fold, at least about 7.0-fold, at least about 7.5-fold, at leastabout 8.0-fold, at least about 8.5-fold, at least about 9.0-fold, atleast about 9.5-fold, or at least about 10.0-fold.

A nucleic acid encoding proIL-33 can be from any number of organisms,for example, mouse (Mus musculus) and human (Homo sapiens). The nucleicacid encoding proIL-33 can be optimized with regards to codon usage andcorresponding RNA transcripts. The nucleic acid encoding proIL-33 can becodon and RNA optimized for expression. In some embodiments, the nucleicacid encoding proIL-33 can include a Kozak sequence (e.g., GCC ACC) toincrease the efficiency of translation. The nucleic acid encodingproIL-33 can include multiple stop codons (e.g., TGA TGA) to increasethe efficiency of translation termination. The nucleic acid encodingproIL-33 can also include a nucleotide sequence encoding anImmunoglobulin E (IgE) leader sequence. The IgE leader sequence can belocated 5′ to proIL-33 in the nucleic acid. In some embodiments, thenucleic acid encoding proIL-33 is free of or does not contain anucleotide sequence encoding the IgE leader sequence.

The mouse proIL-33 can be the optimized nucleic acid sequence SEQ IDNO:5, which encodes SEQ ID NO:6. In some embodiments, the mouse proIL-33can be the nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80%, 81%, 82%,83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity over an entire length of the nucleicacid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5. In other embodiments, the mouseproIL-33 can be the nucleic acid sequence that encodes the amino acidsequence having at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%,88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity over an entire length of the amino acid sequence as set forthin SEQ ID NO:6. The mouse proIL-33 can be the amino acid sequence havingat least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%,91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity over anentire length of the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6.

The human proIL-33 can be the optimized nucleic acid sequence SEQ IDNO:3, which encodes SEQ ID NO:4. In some embodiments, the human proIL-33can be the nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80%, 81%, 82%,83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity over an entire length of the nucleicacid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. In other embodiments, the humanproIL-33 can be the nucleic acid sequence that encodes the amino acidsequence having at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%,88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity over an entire length of the amino acid sequence as set forthin SEQ ID NO:4. The human proIL-33 can be the amino acid sequence havingat least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%,91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity over anentire length of the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4.

Some embodiments relate to fragments of SEQ ID NO:3 and/or SEQ ID NO:5.Fragments can comprise at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, atleast 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% of SEQ ID NO:3and/or SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, fragments can include sequencesthat encode a leader sequence, for example, an immunoglobulin leadersequence, such as the IgE leader sequence. In some embodiments,fragments are free of coding sequences that encode a leader sequence.

Fragments of nucleic acids with nucleotide sequences having identity tofragments of SEQ ID NO:3 and/or SEQ ID NO:5 can be provided. Suchfragments can comprise at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, atleast 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% of nucleic acidshaving 95% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:3 and/or SEQ ID NO:5. Someembodiments relate to fragments that have 96% or greater identity to thefragments of proIL-33 nucleic acid sequences herein. Some embodimentsrelate to fragments that have 97% or greater identity to the fragmentsof proIL-33 nucleic acid sequences herein. Some embodiments relate tofragments that have 98% or greater identity to the fragments of proIL-33nucleic acid sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to fragments thathave 99% or greater identity to the fragments of proIL-33 nucleic acidsequences herein. In some embodiments, fragments include sequences thatencode a leader sequence, for example, an immunoglobulin leader sequencesuch as the IgE leader sequence. In some embodiments, fragments are freeof coding sequences that encode a leader sequence.

Fragments of SEQ ID NO:4 and/or SEQ ID NO:6 can be provided. Fragmentscan comprise at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, atleast 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, atleast 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% of SEQ ID NO:4 and/or SEQ IDNO:6. In some embodiments, fragments include a leader sequence, forexample, an immunoglobulin leader sequence such as the IgE leadersequence. In some embodiments, fragments are free of a leader sequence.

Fragments of proteins with amino acid sequences having identity tofragments of SEQ ID NO:4 and/or SEQ ID NO:6 can be provided. Suchfragments can comprise at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, atleast 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% of proteinshaving 95% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:4 and/or SEQ ID NO:6. Someembodiments relate to fragments having 96% or greater identity to thefragments of proIL-33 protein sequences herein. Some embodiments relateto fragments having 97% or greater identity to the fragments of proIL-33protein sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to fragments having98% or greater identity to the fragments of proIL-33 protein sequencesherein. Some embodiments relate to fragments having 99% or greateridentity to the fragments of proIL-33 protein sequences herein. In someembodiments, fragments include a leader sequence, for example, animmunoglobulin leader sequence such as the IgE leader sequence. In someembodiments, the fragments are free of a leader sequence.

(b) MtrIL-33

IL-33 can be mtrIL-33, fragments thereof, or variants thereof. MtrIL-33is mature or truncated IL-33 and lacks the CBD and NLS. MtrIL-33 islocalized in the cytosol.

MtrIL-33 can increase or boost the immune response as described abovefor IL-33. MtrIL-33 can also increase or boost the cellular immuneresponse to the antigen in the subject as described above for IL-33.

A nucleic acid encoding mtrIL-33 can be from any number of organism, forexample, mouse (Mus musculus) and human (Homo sapiens). The nucleic acidencoding mtrIL-33 can be optimized with regards to codon usage andcorresponding RNA transcripts. The nucleic acid encoding mtrIL-33 canalso be codon and RNA optimized for expression. In some embodiments, thenucleic acid encoding mtrIL-33 can include a Kozak sequence (e.g., GCCACC) to increase the efficiency of translation. The nucleic acidencoding mtrIL-33 can include multiple stop codons (e.g., TGA TGA) toincrease the efficiency of translation termination. The nucleic acidencoding mtrIL-33 can also include a nucleotide sequence encoding an IgEleader sequence. The IgE leader sequence can be located 5′ to mtrIL-33in the nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encodingmtrIL-33 is free of or does not contain a nucleotide sequence encodingthe IgE leader sequence.

The mouse mtrIL-33 can be the optimized nucleic acid sequence SEQ IDNO:7, which encodes SEQ ID NO:8. In some embodiments, the mouse mtrIL-33can be the nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80%, 81%, 82%,83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity over an entire length of the nucleicacid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7. In other embodiments, the mousemtrIL-33 can be the nucleic acid sequence that encodes the amino acidsequence having at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%,88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity over an entire length of the amino acid sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO:8. The mouse mtrIL-33 can be the amino acid sequence having atleast about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity over an entirelength of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8.

The human mtrIL-33 can be the optimized nucleic acid sequence SEQ IDNO:1, which encodes SEQ ID NO:2. In some embodiments, the human mtrIL-33can be the nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80%, 81%, 82%,83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity over an entire length of the nucleicacid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. In other embodiments, the humanmtrIL-33 can be the nucleic acid sequence that encodes the amino acidsequence having at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%,88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity over an entire length of the amino acid sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO:2. The human mtrIL-33 can be the amino acid sequence having atleast about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity over an entirelength of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

Some embodiments relate to fragments of SEQ ID NO:1 and/or SEQ ID NO:7.Fragments can comprise at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, atleast 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% of SEQ ID NO:1and/or SEQ ID NO:7. In some embodiments, fragments can include sequencesthat encode a leader sequence, for example, an immunoglobulin leadersequence, such as the IgE leader sequence. In some embodiments,fragments are free of coding sequences that encode a leader sequence.

Fragments of nucleic acids with nucleotide sequences having identity tofragments of SEQ ID NO:1 and/or SEQ ID NO:7 can be provided. Suchfragments can comprise at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, atleast 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% of nucleic acidshaving 95% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:1 and/or SEQ ID NO:7. Someembodiments relate to fragments that have 96% or greater identity to thefragments of mtrIL-33 nucleic acid sequences herein. Some embodimentsrelate to fragments that have 97% or greater identity to the fragmentsof mtrIL-33 nucleic acid sequences herein. Some embodiments relate tofragments that have 98% or greater identity to the fragments of mtrIL-33nucleic acid sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to fragments thathave 99% or greater identity to the fragments of mtrIL-33 nucleic acidsequences herein. In some embodiments, fragments include sequences thatencode a leader sequence, for example, an immunoglobulin leader sequencesuch as the IgE leader sequence. In some embodiments, fragments are freeof coding sequences that encode a leader sequence.

Fragments of SEQ ID NO:2 and/or SEQ ID NO:8 can be provided. Fragmentscan comprise at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, atleast 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, atleast 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% of SEQ ID NO:2 and/or SEQ IDNO:8. In some embodiments, fragments include a leader sequence, forexample, an immunoglobulin leader sequence such as the IgE leadersequence. In some embodiments, fragments are free of a leader sequence.

Fragments of proteins with amino acid sequences having identity tofragments of SEQ ID NO:2 and/or SEQ ID NO:8 can be provided. Suchfragments can comprise at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, atleast 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% of proteinshaving 95% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:2 and/or SEQ ID NO:8. Someembodiments relate to fragments having 96% or greater identity to thefragments of mtrIL-33 protein sequences herein. Some embodiments relateto fragments having 97% or greater identity to the fragments of mtrIL-33protein sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to fragments having98% or greater identity to the fragments of mtrIL-33 protein sequencesherein. Some embodiments relate to fragments having 99% or greateridentity to the fragments of mtrIL-33 protein sequences herein. In someembodiments, fragments include a leader sequence, for example, animmunoglobulin leader sequence such as the IgE leader sequence. In someembodiments, the fragments are free of a leader sequence.

b. Antigen

The vaccine can also comprise an antigen or fragment or variant thereofand the adjuvant as discussed above. The antigen can be anything thatinduces an immune response in a subject. Purified antigens are notusually strongly immunogenic on their own and are therefore combinedwith the adjuvant as described above. The immune response induced by theantigen can be boosted or increased when combined with the adjuvant.Such an immune response can be a humoral immune response and/or acellular immune response. In some embodiments, the combination of theadjuvant and the antigen can boost or increase a cellular immuneresponse in the subject.

The antigen can be a nucleic acid sequence, an amino acid sequence, or acombination thereof. The nucleic acid sequence can be DNA, RNA, cDNA, avariant thereof, a fragment thereof, or a combination thereof. Thenucleic acid sequence can also include additional sequences that encodelinker or tag sequences that are linked to the antigen by a peptidebond. The amino acid sequence can be a protein, a peptide, a variantthereof, a fragment thereof, or a combination thereof.

The antigen can be contained in a protein, a nucleic acid, or a fragmentthereof, or a variant thereof, or a combination thereof from any numberof organisms, for example, a virus, a parasite, a bacterium, a fungus,or a mammal. The antigen can be associated with an autoimmune disease,allergy, or asthma. In other embodiments, the antigen can be associatedwith cancer, herpes, influenza, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, humanpapilloma virus (HPV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).Preferably, the antigen can be associated with influenza or HIV.

Some antigens can induce a strong immune response. Other antigens caninduce a weak immune response. The antigen can elicit a greater immuneresponse when combined with the adjuvant as described above.

(1) Viral Antigens

The antigen can be a viral antigen, or fragment thereof, or variantthereof. The viral antigen can be from a virus from one of the followingfamilies: Adenoviridae, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Caliciviridae,Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Herpesviridae,Orthomyxoviridae, Papovaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae,Picornaviridae, Poxviridae, Reoviridae, Retroviridae, Rhabdoviridae, orTogaviridae. The viral antigen can be from papilloma viruses, forexample, human papillomoa virus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus(HIV), polio virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, smallpox virus(Variola major and minor), vaccinia virus, influenza virus,rhinoviruses, dengue fever virus, equine encephalitis viruses, rubellavirus, yellow fever virus, Norwalk virus, hepatitis A virus, humanT-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I), hairy cell leukemia virus (HTLV-II),California encephalitis virus, Hanta virus (hemorrhagic fever), rabiesvirus, Ebola fever virus, Marburg virus, measles virus, mumps virus,respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), herpes simplex 1 (oral herpes),herpes simplex 2 (genital herpes), herpes zoster (varicella-zoster,a.k.a., chickenpox), cytomegalovirus (CMV), for example human CMV,Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), flavivirus, foot and mouth disease virus,chikungunya virus, lassa virus, arenavirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitisvirus (LCMV), or cancer causing virus.

(a) Hepatitis Antigen

IL-33 can be associated or combined with a hepatitis virus antigen(i.e., hepatitis antigen), or fragment thereof, or variant thereof. Thehepatitis antigen can be an antigen or immunogen from hepatitis A virus(HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis Dvirus (HDV), and/or hepatitis E virus (HEV). In some embodiments, thehepatitis antigen can be a heterologous nucleic acid molecule(s), suchas a plasmid(s), which encodes one or more of the antigens from HAV,HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV. The hepatitis antigen can be full-length orimmunogenic fragments of full-length proteins.

The hepatitis antigen can comprise consensus sequences and/or one ormore modifications for improved expression. Genetic modifications,including codon optimization, RNA optimization, and the addition of ahighly efficient immunoglobulin leader sequence to increase theimmunogenicity of the constructs, can be included in the modifiedconsensus sequences. The consensus hepatitis antigen may comprise asignal peptide such as an immunoglobulin signal peptide such as an IgEor IgG signal peptide, and in some embodiments, may comprise an HA tag.The immunogens can be designed to elicit stronger and broader cellularimmune responses than corresponding codon optimized immunogens.

The hepatitis antigen can be an antigen from HAV. The hepatitis antigencan be a HAV capsid protein, a HAV non-structural protein, a fragmentthereof, a variant thereof, or a combination thereof.

The hepatitis antigen can be an antigen from HCV. The hepatitis antigencan be a HCV nucleocapsid protein (i.e., core protein), a HCV envelopeprotein (e.g., E1 and E2), a HCV non-structural protein (e.g., NS1, NS2,NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5a, and NS5b), a fragment thereof, a variant thereof,or a combination thereof.

The hepatitis antigen can be an antigen from HDV. The hepatitis antigencan be a HDV delta antigen, fragment thereof, or variant thereof.

The hepatitis antigen can be an antigen from HEV. The hepatitis antigencan be a HEV capsid protein, fragment thereof, or variant thereof.

The hepatitis antigen can be an antigen from HBV. The hepatitis antigencan be a HBV core protein, a HBV surface protein, a HBV DNA polymerase,a HBV protein encoded by gene X, fragment thereof, variant thereof, orcombination thereof. The hepatitis antigen can be a HBV genotype A coreprotein, a HBV genotype B core protein, a HBV genotype C core protein, aHBV genotype D core protein, a HBV genotype E core protein, a HBVgenotype F core protein, a HBV genotype G core protein, a HBV genotype Hcore protein, a HBV genotype A surface protein, a HBV genotype B surfaceprotein, a HBV genotype C surface protein, a HBV genotype D surfaceprotein, a HBV genotype E surface protein, a HBV genotype F surfaceprotein, a HBV genotype G surface protein, a HBV genotype H surfaceprotein, fragment thereof, variant thereof, or combination thereof. Thehepatitis antigen can be a consensus HBV core protein, or a consensusHBV surface protein.

In some embodiments, the hepatitis antigen can be a HBV genotype Aconsensus core DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequence linked toa consensus sequence for HBV genotype A core protein, or a HBV genotypeA consensus core protein sequence.

In other embodiments, the hepatitis antigen can be a HBV genotype Bconsensus core DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequence linked toa consensus sequence for HBV genotype B core protein, or a HBV genotypeB consensus core protein sequence.

In still other embodiments, the hepatitis antigen can be a HBV genotypeC consensus core DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequence linkedto a consensus sequence for HBV genotype C core protein, or a HBVgenotype C consensus core protein sequence.

In some embodiments, the hepatitis antigen can be a HBV genotype Dconsensus core DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequence linked toa consensus sequence for HBV genotype D core protein, or a HBV genotypeD consensus core protein sequence.

In other embodiments, the hepatitis antigen can be a HBV genotype Econsensus core DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequence linked toa consensus sequence for HBV genotype E core protein, or a HBV genotypeE consensus core protein sequence.

In some embodiments, the hepatitis antigen can be a HBV genotype Fconsensus core DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequence linked toa consensus sequence for HBV genotype F core protein, or a HBV genotypeF consensus core protein sequence.

In other embodiments, the hepatitis antigen can be a HBV genotype Gconsensus core DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequence linked toa consensus sequence for HBV genotype G core protein, or a HBV genotypeG consensus core protein sequence.

In some embodiments, the hepatitis antigen can be a HBV genotype Hconsensus core DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequence linked toa consensus sequence for HBV genotype H core protein, or a HBV genotypeH consensus core protein sequence.

In still other embodiments, the hepatitis antigen can be a HBV genotypeA consensus surface DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequencelinked to a consensus sequence for HBV genotype A surface protein, or aHBV genotype A consensus surface protein sequence.

In some embodiments, the hepatitis antigen can be a HBV genotype Bconsensus surface DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequence linkedto a consensus sequence for HBV genotype B surface protein, or a HBVgenotype B consensus surface protein sequence.

In other embodiments, the hepatitis antigen can be a HBV genotype Cconsensus surface DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequence linkedto a consensus sequence for HBV genotype C surface protein, or a HBVgenotype C consensus surface protein sequence.

In still other embodiments, the hepatitis antigen can be a HBV genotypeD consensus surface DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequencelinked to a consensus sequence for HBV genotype D surface protein, or aHBV genotype D consensus surface protein sequence.

In some embodiments, the hepatitis antigen can be a HBV genotype Econsensus surface DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequence linkedto a consensus sequence for HBV genotype E surface protein, or a HBVgenotype E consensus surface protein sequence.

In other embodiments, the hepatitis antigen can be a HBV genotype Fconsensus surface DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequence linkedto a consensus sequence for HBV genotype F surface protein, or a HBVgenotype F consensus surface protein sequence.

In still other embodiments, the hepatitis antigen can be a HBV genotypeG consensus surface DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequencelinked to a consensus sequence for HBV genotype G surface protein, or aHBV genotype G consensus surface protein sequence.

In other embodiments, the hepatitis antigen can be a HBV genotype Hconsensus surface DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequence linkedto a consensus sequence for HBV genotype H surface protein, or a HBVgenotype H consensus surface protein sequence.

(b) Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Antigen

IL-33 can be associated or combined with a human papilloma virus (HPV)antigen, or fragment thereof, or variant thereof. The HPV antigen can befrom HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, and 58 which cause cervicalcancer, rectal cancer, and/or other cancers. The HPV antigen can be fromHPV types 6 and 11, which cause genital warts, and are known to becauses of head and neck cancer.

The HPV antigens can be the HPV E6 or E7 domains from each HPV type. Forexample, for HPV type 16 (HPV16), the HPV16 antigen can include theHPV16 E6 antigen, the HPV16 E7 antigen, fragments, variants, orcombinations thereof. Similarly, the HPV antigen can be HPV 6 E6 and/orE7, HPV 11 E6 and/or E7, HPV 18 E6 and/or E7, HPV 31 E6 and/or E7, HPV33 E6 and/or E7, HPV 52 E6 and/or E7, or HPV 58 E6 and/or E7, fragments,variants, or combinations thereof.

(c) RSV Antigen

IL-33 can also be associated or combined with an RSV antigen or fragmentthereof, or variant thereof. The RSV antigen can be a human RSV fusionprotein (also referred to herein as “RSV F”, “RSV F protein” and “Fprotein”), or fragment or variant thereof. The human RSV fusion proteincan be conserved between RSV subtypes A and B. The RSV antigen can be aRSV F protein, or fragment or variant thereof, from the RSV Long strain(GenBank AAX23994.1). The RSV antigen can be a RSV F protein from theRSV A2 strain (GenBank AAB59858.1), or a fragment or variant thereof.The RSV antigen can be a monomer, a dimer or trimer of the RSV Fprotein, or a fragment or variant thereof. The RSV antigen can be anoptimized amino acid RSV F amino acid sequence, or fragment or variantthereof.

The postfusion form of RSV F elicits high titer neutralizing antibodiesin immunized animals and protects the animals from RSV challenge. Thepresent invention utilizes this immunoresponse in the claimed vaccines.According to the invention, the RSV F protein can be in a prefusion formor a postfusion form.

The RSV antigen can also be human RSV attachment glycoprotein (alsoreferred to herein as “RSV G”, “RSV G protein” and “G protein”), orfragment or variant thereof. The human RSV G protein differs between RSVsubtypes A and B. The antigen can be RSV G protein, or fragment orvariant thereof, from the RSV Long strain (GenBank AAX23993). The RSVantigen can be RSV G protein from: the RSV subtype B isolate H5601, theRSV subtype B isolate H1068, the RSV subtype B isolate H5598, the RSVsubtype B isolate H1123, or a fragment or variant thereof. The RSVantigen can be an optimized amino acid RSV G amino acid sequence, orfragment or variant thereof.

In other embodiments, the RSV antigen can be human RSV non-structuralprotein 1 (“NS1 protein”), or fragment or variant thereof. For example,the RSV antigen can be RSV NS1 protein, or fragment or variant thereof,from the RSV Long strain (GenBank AAX23987.1). The RSV antigen human canalso be RSV non-structural protein 2 (“NS2 protein”), or fragment orvariant thereof. For example, the RSV antigen can be RSV NS2 protein, orfragment or variant thereof, from the RSV Long strain (GenBankAAX23988.1). The RSV antigen can further be human RSV nucleocapsid (“N”)protein, or fragment or variant thereof. For example, the RSV antigencan be RSV N protein, or fragment or variant thereof, from the RSV Longstrain (GenBank AAX23989.1). The RSV antigen can be human RSVPhosphoprotein (“P”) protein, or fragment or variant thereof. Forexample, the RSV antigen can be RSV P protein, or fragment or variantthereof, from the RSV Long strain (GenBank AAX23990.1). The RSV antigenalso can be human RSV Matrix protein (“M”) protein, or fragment orvariant thereof. For example, the RSV antigen can be RSV M protein, orfragment or variant thereof, from the RSV Long strain (GenBankAAX23991.1).

In still other embodiments, the RSV antigen can be human RSV smallhydrophobic (“SH”) protein, or fragment or variant thereof. For example,the RSV antigen can be RSV SH protein, or fragment or variant thereof,from the RSV Long strain (GenBank AAX23992.1). The RSV antigen can alsobe human RSV Matrix protein2-1 (“M2-1”) protein, or fragment or variantthereof. For example, the RSV antigen can be RSV M2-1 protein, orfragment or variant thereof, from the RSV Long strain (GenBankAAX23995.1). The RSV antigen can further be human RSV Matrix protein 2-2(“M2-2”) protein, or fragment or variant thereof. For example, the RSVantigen can be RSV M2-2 protein, or fragment or variant thereof, fromthe RSV Long strain (GenBank AAX23997.1). The RSV antigen human can beRSV Polymerase L (“L”) protein, or fragment or variant thereof. Forexample, the RSV antigen can be RSV L protein, or fragment or variantthereof, from the RSV Long strain (GenBank AAX23996.1).

In further embodiments, the RSV antigen can have an optimized amino acidsequence of NS1, NS2, N, P, M, SH, M2-1, M2-2, or L protein. The RSVantigen can be a human RSV protein or recombinant antigen, such as anyone of the proteins encoded by the human RSV genome.

In other embodiments, the RSV antigen can be, but is not limited to, theRSV F protein from the RSV Long strain, the RSV G protein from the RSVLong strain, the optimized amino acid RSV G amino acid sequence, thehuman RSV genome of the RSV Long strain, the optimized amino acid RSV Famino acid sequence, the RSV NS1 protein from the RSV Long strain, theRSV NS2 protein from the RSV Long strain, the RSV N protein from the RSVLong strain, the RSV P protein from the RSV Long strain, the RSV Mprotein from the RSV Long strain, the RSV SH protein from the RSV Longstrain, the RSV M2-1 protein from the RSV Long strain, the RSV M2-2protein from the RSV Long strain, the RSV L protein from the RSV Longstrain, the RSV G protein from the RSV subtype B isolate H5601, the RSVG protein from the RSV subtype B isolate H1068, the RSV G protein fromthe RSV subtype B isolate H5598, the RSV G protein from the RSV subtypeB isolate H1123, or fragment thereof, or variant thereof.

(d) Influenza Antigen

IL-33 can be associated or combined with an influenza antigen orfragment thereof, or variant thereof. The influenza antigens are thosecapable of eliciting an immune response in a mammal against one or moreinfluenza serotypes. The antigen can comprise the full lengthtranslation product HA0, subunit HA1, subunit HA2, a variant thereof, afragment thereof or a combination thereof. The influenza hemagglutininantigen can be a consensus sequence derived from multiple strains ofinfluenza A serotype H1, a consensus sequence derived from multiplestrains of influenza A serotype H2, a hybrid sequence containingportions of two different consensus sequences derived from differentsets of multiple strains of influenza A serotype H1 or a consensussequence derived from multiple strains of influenza B. The influenzahemagglutinin antigen can be from influenza B.

The influenza antigen can also contain at least one antigenic epitopethat can be effective against particular influenza immunogens againstwhich an immune response can be induced. The antigen may provide anentire repertoire of immunogenic sites and epitopes present in an intactinfluenza virus. The antigen may be a consensus hemagglutinin antigensequence that can be derived from hemagglutinin antigen sequences from aplurality of influenza A virus strains of one serotype such as aplurality of influenza A virus strains of serotype H1 or of serotype H2.The antigen may be a hybrid consensus hemagglutinin antigen sequencethat can be derived from combining two different consensus hemagglutininantigen sequences or portions thereof. Each of two different consensushemagglutinin antigen sequences may be derived from a different set of aplurality of influenza A virus strains of one serotype such as aplurality of influenza A virus strains of serotype H1. The antigen maybe a consensus hemagglutinin antigen sequence that can be derived fromhemagglutinin antigen sequences from a plurality of influenza B virusstrains.

In some embodiments, the influenza antigen can be H1 HA, H2 HA, H3 HA,H5 HA, or a BHA antigen. Alternatively, the influenza antigen can be aconsensus hemagglutinin antigen comprising a consensus H1 amino acidsequence or a consensus H2 amino acid sequence. The consensushemagglutinin antigen may be a synthetic hybrid consensus H1 sequencecomprising portions of two different consensus H1 sequences, which areeach derived from a different set of sequences from the other. Anexample of a consensus HA antigen that is a synthetic hybrid consensusH1 protein is a protein comprising the U2 amino acid sequence. Theconsensus hemagglutinin antigen may be a consensus hemagglutinin proteinderived from hemagglutinin sequences from influenza B strains, such as aprotein comprising the consensus BHA amino acid sequence.

The consensus hemagglutinin antigen may further comprise one or moreadditional amino acid sequence elements. The consensus hemagglutininantigen may further comprise on its N-terminus an IgE or IgG leaderamino acid sequence. The consensus hemagglutinin antigen may furthercomprise an immunogenic tag which is a unique immunogenic epitope thatcan be detected by readily available antibodies. An example of such animmunogenic tag is the 9 amino acid influenza HA Tag which may be linkedon the consensus hemagglutinin C terminus. In some embodiments,consensus hemagglutinin antigen may further comprise on its N-terminusan IgE or IgG leader amino acid sequence and on its C terminus an HAtag.

The consensus hemagglutinin antigen may be a consensus hemagglutininprotein that consists of consensus influenza amino acid sequences orfragments and variants thereof. The consensus hemagglutinin antigen maybe a consensus hemagglutinin protein that comprises non-influenzaprotein sequences and influenza protein sequences or fragments andvariants thereof.

Examples of a consensus H1 protein include those that may consist of theconsensus H1 amino acid sequence or those that further compriseadditional elements such as an IgE leader sequence, or an HA Tag or bothan IgE leader sequence and an HA Tag.

Examples of consensus H2 proteins include those that may consist of theconsensus H2 amino acid sequence or those that further comprise an IgEleader sequence, or an HA Tag, or both an IgE leader sequence and an HATag.

Examples of hybrid consensus H1 proteins include those that may consistof the consensus U2 amino acid sequence or those that further comprisean IgE leader sequence, or an HA Tag, or both an IgE leader sequence andan HA Tag.

Examples of hybrid consensus influenza B hemagglutinin proteins includethose that may consist of the consensus BHA amino acid sequence or itmay comprise an IgE leader sequence, or an HA Tag, or both an IgE leadersequence and an HA Tag.

The consensus hemagglutinin protein can be encoded by a consensushemagglutinin nucleic acid, a variant thereof or a fragment thereof.Unlike the consensus hemagglutinin protein which may be a consensussequence derived from a plurality of different hemagglutinin sequencesfrom different strains and variants, the consensus hemagglutinin nucleicacid refers to a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a consensus proteinsequence and the coding sequences used may differ from those used toencode the particular amino acid sequences in the plurality of differenthemagglutinin sequences from which the consensus hemagglutinin proteinsequence is derived. The consensus nucleic acid sequence may be codonoptimized and/or RNA optimized. The consensus hemagglutinin nucleic acidsequence may comprise a Kozak's sequence in the 5′ untranslated region.The consensus hemagglutinin nucleic acid sequence may comprise nucleicacid sequences that encode a leader sequence. The coding sequence of anN terminal leader sequence is 5′ of the hemagglutinin coding sequence.The N-terminal leader can facilitate secretion. The N-terminal leadercan be an IgE leader or an IgG leader. The consensus hemagglutininnucleic acid sequence can comprise nucleic acid sequences that encode animmunogenic tag. The immunogenic tag can be on the C terminus of theprotein and the sequence encoding it is 3′ of the HA coding sequence.The immunogenic tag provides a unique epitope for which there arereadily available antibodies so that such antibodies can be used inassays to detect and confirm expression of the protein. The immunogenictag can be an HA Tag at the C-terminus of the protein.

(e) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Antigen

IL-33 can be associated or combined with an HIV antigen or fragmentthereof, or variant thereof. HIV antigens can include modified consensussequences for immunogens. Genetic modifications including codonoptimization, RNA optimization, and the addition of a high efficientimmunoglobin leader sequence to increase the immunogenicity ofconstructs can be included in the modified consensus sequences. Thenovel immunogens can be designed to elicit stronger and broader cellularimmune responses than corresponding codon optimized immunogens.

In some embodiments, the HIV antigen can be a subtype A consensusenvelope DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequence linked to aconsensus sequence for Subtype A envelope protein, or a subtype Aconsensus Envelope protein sequence.

In other embodimetns, the HIV antigen can be a subtype B consensusenvelope DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequence linked to aconsensus sequence for Subtype B envelope protein, or an subtype Bconsensus Envelope protein sequence.

In still other embodiments, the HIV antigen can be a subtype C consensusenvelope DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequence linked to aconsensus sequence for subtype C envelope protein, or a subtype Cconsensus envelope protein sequence.

In further embodiments, the HIV antigen can be a subtype D consensusenvelope DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequence linked to aconsensus sequence for Subtype D envelope protein, or a subtype Dconsensus envelope protein sequence.

In some embodiments, the HIV antigen can be a subtype B Nef-Revconsensus envelope DNA sequence construct, an IgE leader sequence linkedto a consensus sequence for Subtype B Nef-Rev protein, or a Subtype BNef-Rev consensus protein sequence.

In other embodiments, the HIV antigen can be a Gag consensus DNAsequence of subtype A, B, C and D DNA sequence construct, an IgE leadersequence linked to a consensus sequence for Gag consensus subtype A, B,C and D protein, or a consensus Gag subtype A, B, C and D proteinsequence.

In still other embodiments, the HIV antigen can be a MPol DNA sequenceor a MPol protein sequence. The HIV antigen can be nucleic acid or aminoacid sequences of Env A, Env B, Env C, Env D, B Nef-Rev , Gag, or anycombination thereof.

(f) Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) Antigen

IL-33 can be associated or combined with an LCMV antigen or fragmentthereof, or variant thereof. The LCMV antigen can comprise consensussequences and/or one or more modifications for improved expression.Genetic modifications, including codon optimization, RNA optimization,and the addition of a highly efficient immunoglobulin leader sequence toincrease the immunogenicity of constructs, can be included in themodified sequences. The LCMV antigen can comprise a signal peptide suchas an immunoglobulin signal peptide (e.g., IgE or IgG signal peptide),and in some embodiments, may comprise an HA tag. The immunogens can bedesigned to elicit stronger and broader cellular immune responses than acorresponding codon optimized immunogen.

The LCMV antigen can be an antigen from LCMV Armstrong. The LCMV antigencan be an antigen from LCMV clone 13. The LCMV antigen can be anucleoprotein (NP) from LCMV, a glycoprotein (GP; e.g., GP-1, GP-2, andGP-C) from LCMV, a L protein from LCMV, a Z polypeptide from LCMV, afragment thereof, a variant thereof, or a combination thereof.

(2) Parasite Antigens

The antigen can be a parasite antigen or fragment or variant thereof.The parasite can be a protozoa, helminth, or ectoparasite. The helminth(i.e., worm) can be a flatworm (e.g., flukes and tapeworms), athorny-headed worm, or a round worm (e.g., pinworms). The ectoparasitecan be lice, fleas, ticks, and mites.

The parasite can be any parasite causing the following diseases:Acanthamoeba keratitis, Amoebiasis, Ascariasis, Babesiosis,Balantidiasis, Baylisascariasis, Chagas disease, Clonorchiasis,Cochliomyia, Cryptosporidiosis, Diphyllobothriasis, Dracunculiasis,Echinococcosis, Elephantiasis, Enterobiasis, Fascioliasis,Fasciolopsiasis, Filariasis, Giardiasis, Gnathostomiasis,Hymenolepiasis, Isosporiasis, Katayama fever, Leishmaniasis, Lymedisease, Malaria, Metagonimiasis, Myiasis, Onchocerciasis, Pediculosis,Scabies, Schistosomiasis, Sleeping sickness, Strongyloidiasis,Taeniasis, Toxocariasis, Toxoplasmosis, Trichinosis, and Trichuriasis.

The parasite can be Acanthamoeba, Anisakis, Ascaris lumbricoides,Botfly, Balantidium coli, Bedbug, Cestoda (tapeworm), Chiggers,Cochliomyia hominivorax, Entamoeba histolytica, Fasciola hepatica,Giardia lamblia, Hookworm, Leishmania, Linguatula serrata, Liver fluke,Loa loa, Paragonimus—lung fluke, Pinworm, Plasmodium falciparum,Schistosoma, Strongyloides stercoralis, Mite, Tapeworm, Toxoplasmagondii, Trypanosoma, Whipworm, or Wuchereria bancrofti.

(a) Malaria Antigen

IL-33 can be associated or combined with a malaria antigen (i.e., PFantigen or PF immunogen), or fragment thereof, or variant thereof. Theantigen can be from a parasite causing malaria. The malaria causingparasite can be Plasmodium falciparum. The Plasmodium falciparum antigencan include the circumsporozoite (CS) antigen.

In some embodiments, the malaria antigen can be nucleic acid moleculessuch as plasmids which encode one or more of the P. falciparumimmunogens CS, LSA1, TRAP, CelTOS, and Amal. The immunogens may be fulllength or immunogenic fragments of full length proteins. The immunogenscomprise consensus sequences and/or modifications for improvedexpression.

In other embodiments, the malaria antigen can be a consensus sequence ofTRAP, which is also referred to as SSP2, designed from a compilation ofall full-length Plasmodium falciparum TRAP/SSP2 sequences in the GenBankdatabase (28 sequences total). Consensus TRAP immunogens (i.e., ConTRAPimmunogen) may comprise a signal peptide such as an immunoglobulinsignal peptide such as an IgE or IgG signal peptide and in someembodiments, may comprise an HA tag.

In still other embodiments, the malaria antigen can be CelTOS, which isalso referred to as Ag2 and is a highly conserved Plasmodium antigen.Consensus CelTOS antigens (i.e., ConCelTOS immunogen) may comprise asignal peptide such as an immunoglobulin signal peptide such as an IgEor IgG signal peptide and in some embodiments, may comprise an HA tag.

In further embodiments, the malaria antigen can be Amal, which is ahighly conserved Plasmodium antigen. The malaria antigen can also be aconsensus sequence of Amal (i.e., ConAmaI immunogen) comprising in someinstances, a signal peptide such as an immunoglobulin signal peptidesuch as an IgE or IgG signal peptide and in some embodiments, maycomprise an HA tag.

In some embodiments, the malaria antigen can be a consensus CS antigen(i.e., Consensus CS immunogen) comprising in some instances, a signalpeptide such as an immunoglobulin signal peptide such as an IgE or IgGsignal peptide and in some embodiments, may comprise an HA tag.

In other embodiments, the malaria antigen can be a fusion proteincomprising a combination of two or more of the PF proteins set forthherein. For example, fusion proteins may comprise two or more ofConsensus CS immunogen, ConLSA1 immunogen, ConTRAP immunogen, ConCelTOSimmunogen and ConAmal immunogen linked directly adjacent to each otheror linked with a spacer or one or more amino acids in between. In someembodiments, the fusion protein comprises two PF immunogens; in someembodiments the fusion protein comprises three PF immunogens; in someembodiments the fusion protein comprises four PF immunogens; and in someembodiments the fusion protein comprises five PF immunogens. Fusionproteins with two Consensus PF immunogens may comprise: CS and LSA1; CSand TRAP; CS and CelTOS; CS and Amal; LSA1 and TRAP; LSA1 and CelTOS;LSA1 and Amal; TRAP and CelTOS; TRAP and Amal; or CelTOS and Amal.Fusion proteins with three Consensus PF immunogens may comprise: CS,LSA1 and TRAP; CS, LSA1 and CelTOS; CS, LSA1 and Amal; LSA1, TRAP andCelTOS; LSA1, TRAP and Amal; or TRAP, CelTOS and Amal. Fusion proteinswith four Consensus PF immunogens may comprise: CS, LSA1, TRAP andCelTOS; CS, LSA1, TRAP and Amal; CS, LSA1, CelTOS and Amal; CS, TRAP,CelTOS and Amal; or LSA1, TRAP, CelTOS and Amal. Fusion proteins withfive Consensus PF immunogens may comprise CS or CS-alt, LSA1, TRAP,CelTOS and Amal.

In some embodiments, the fusion proteins comprise a signal peptidelinked to the N terminus. In some embodiments, the fusion proteinscomprise multiple signal peptides linked to the N terminus of eachConsensus PF immunogen. In some embodiments, a spacer may be includedbetween PF immunogens of a fusion protein. In some embodiments, thespacer between PF immunogens of a fusion protein may be a proteolyiccleavage site. In some embodiments, the spacer may be a proteolyiccleavage site recognized by a protease found in cells to which thevaccine is intended to be administered and/or taken up. In someembodiments, a spacer may be included between PF immunogens of a fusionprotein, wherein the spacer is a proteolyic cleavage site recognized bya protease found in cells to which the vaccine is intended to beadministered and/or taken up and the fusion protein comprises multiplesignal peptides linked to the N terminus of each Consensus PF immunogenssuch that upon cleavage, the signal peptide of each Consensus PFimmunogen translocates the Consensus PF immunogen to outside the cell.

(3) Bacterial Antigens

The antigen can be a bacterial antigen or fragment or variant thereof.The bacterium can be from any one of the following phyla: Acidobacteria,Actinobacteria, Aquificae, Bacteroidetes, Caldiserica, Chlamydiae,Chlorobi, Chloroflexi, Chrysiogenetes, Cyanobacteria, Deferribacteres,Deinococcus-Thermus, Dictyoglomi, Elusimicrobia, Fibrobacteres,Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Nitrospira,Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Synergistetes,Tenericutes, Thermodesulfobacteria, Thermotogae, and Verrucomicrobia.

The bacterium can be a gram positive bacterium or a gram negativebacterium. The bacterium can be an aerobic bacterium or an anerobicbacterium. The bacterium can be an autotrophic bacterium or aheterotrophic bacterium. The bacterium can be a mesophile, aneutrophile, an extremophile, an acidophile, an alkaliphile, athermophile, a psychrophile, an halophile, or an osmophile.

The bacterium can be an anthrax bacterium, an antibiotic resistantbacterium, a disease causing bacterium, a food poisoning bacterium, aninfectious bacterium, Salmonella bacterium, Staphylococcus bacterium,Streptococcus bacterium, or tetanus bacterium. The bacterium can be amycobacteria, Clostridium tetani, Yersinia pestis, Bacillus anthracis,methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), or Clostridiumdifficile. The bacterium can be Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

(a) Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens

IL-33 can be associated or combined with a Mycobacterium tuberculosisantigen (i.e., TB antigen or TB immunogen), or fragment thereof, orvariant thereof. The TB antigen can be from the Ag85 family of TBantigens, for example, Ag85A and Ag85B. The TB antigen can be from theEsx family of TB antigens, for example, EsxA, EsxB, EsxC, EsxD, EsxE,EsxF, EsxH, EsxO, EsxQ, EsxR, EsxS, EsxT, EsxU, EsxV, and EsxW.

In some embodiments, the TB antigen can be nucleic acid molecules suchas plasmids which encode one or more of the Mycobacterium tuberculosisimmunogens from the Ag85 family and the Esx family. The immunogens canbe full-length or immunogenic fragments of full-length proteins. Theimmunogens can comprise consensus sequences and/or modifications forimproved expression. Consensus immunogens may comprise a signal peptidesuch as an immunoglobulin signal peptide such as an IgE or IgG signalpeptide and in some embodiments, may comprise an HA tag.

(4) Fungal Antigens

The antigen can be a fungal antigen or fragment or variant thereof. Thefungus can be Aspergillus species, Blastomyces dermatitides, Candidayeasts (e.g., Candida albicans), Coccidioides, Cryptococcus neoformans,Cryptococcus gattii, dermatophyte, Fusarium species, Histoplasmacapsulatum, Mucoromycotina, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Sporothrixschenckii, Exserohilum, or Cladosporium.

c. Vector

The vaccine can comprise one or more vectors that include a nucleic acidencoding the antigen and the adjuvant. The one or more vectors can becapable of expressing the antigen and the adjuvant. The one or morevectors can be an expression construct, which is generally a plasmidthat is used to introduce a specific gene into a target cell. Once theexpression vector is inside the cell, the protein that is encoded by thegene is produced by the cellular-transcription and translation machineryribosomal complexes. The plasmid is frequently engineered to containregulatory sequences that act as enhancer and promoter regions and leadto efficient transcription of the gene carried on the expression vector.The vectors of the present invention express large amounts of stablemessenger RNA, and therefore proteins.

The vectors may have expression signals such as a strong promoter, astrong termination codon, adjustment of the distance between thepromoter and the cloned gene, and the insertion of a transcriptiontermination sequence and a PTIS (portable translation initiationsequence).

(1) Expression Vectors

The vector can be a circular plasmid or a linear nucleic acid. Thecircular plasmid and linear nucleic acid are capable of directingexpression of a particular nucleotide sequence in an appropriate subjectcell. The vector can have a promoter operably linked to theantigen-encoding nucleotide sequence, or the adjuvant-encodingnucleotide sequence, which may be operably linked to terminationsignals. The vector can also contain sequences required for propertranslation of the nucleotide sequence. The vector comprising thenucleotide sequence of interest may be chimeric, meaning that at leastone of its components is heterologous with respect to at least one ofits other components. The expression of the nucleotide sequence in theexpression cassette may be under the control of a constitutive promoteror of an inducible promoter, which initiates transcription only when thehost cell is exposed to some particular external stimulus. In the caseof a multicellular organism, the promoter can also be specific to aparticular tissue or organ or stage of development.

(2) Circular and Linear Vectors

The vector may be a circular plasmid, which may transform a target cellby integration into the cellular genome or exist extrachromosomally(e.g., autonomous replicating plasmid with an origin of replication).

The vector can be pVAX, pcDNA3.0, or provax, or any other expressionvector capable of expressing DNA encoding the antigen, or the adjuvantand enabling a cell to translate the sequence to an antigen that isrecognized by the immune system, or the adjuvant.

Also provided herein is a linear nucleic acid vaccine, or linearexpression cassette (“LEC”), that is capable of being efficientlydelivered to a subject via electroporation and expressing one or moredesired antigens, or one or more desired adjuvants. The LEC may be anylinear DNA devoid of any phosphate backbone. The DNA may encode one ormore antigens, or one or more adjuvants. The LEC may contain a promoter,an intron, a stop codon, and/or a polyadenylation signal. The expressionof the antigen, or the adjuvant may be controlled by the promoter. TheLEC may not contain any antibiotic resistance genes and/or a phosphatebackbone. The LEC may not contain other nucleic acid sequences unrelatedto the desired antigen gene expression, or the desired adjuvantexpression.

The LEC may be derived from any plasmid capable of being linearized. Theplasmid may be capable of expressing the antigen, or the adjuvant. Theplasmid may be capable of expressing the adjuvant IL-33. The plasmid canbe pNP (Puerto Rico/34) or pM2 (New Caledonia/99). The plasmid may beWLV009, pVAX, pcDNA3.0, or provax, or any other expression vectorcapable of expressing DNA encoding the antigen, or encoding theadjuvant, and enabling a cell to translate the sequence to an antigenthat is recognized by the immune system, or the adjuvant.

The LEC can be perM2. The LEC can be perNP. perNP and perMR can bederived from pNP (Puerto Rico/34) and pM2 (New Caledonia/99),respectively.

(3) Promoter, Intron, Stop Codon, and Polyadenylation Signal

The vector may have a promoter. A promoter may be any promoter that iscapable of driving gene expression and regulating expression of theisolated nucleic acid. Such a promoter is a cis-acting sequence elementrequired for transcription via a DNA dependent RNA polymerase, whichtranscribes the antigen sequence, or the adjuvant sequence describedherein. Selection of the promoter used to direct expression of aheterologous nucleic acid depends on the particular application. Thepromoter may be positioned about the same distance from thetranscription start in the vector as it is from the transcription startsite in its natural setting. However, variation in this distance may beaccommodated without loss of promoter function.

The promoter may be operably linked to the nucleic acid sequenceencoding the antigen and signals required for efficient polyadenylationof the transcript, ribosome binding sites, and translation termination.The promoter may be operably linked to the nucleic acid sequenceencoding the adjuvant and signals required for efficient polyadenylationof the transcript, ribosome binding sites, and translation termination.

The promoter may be a CMV promoter, SV40 early promoter, SV40 laterpromoter, metallothionein promoter, murine mammary tumor virus promoter,Rous sarcoma virus promoter, polyhedrin promoter, or another promotershown effective for expression in eukaryotic cells.

The vector may include an enhancer and an intron with functional splicedonor and acceptor sites. The vector may contain a transcriptiontermination region downstream of the structural gene to provide forefficient termination. The termination region may be obtained from thesame gene as the promoter sequence or may be obtained from differentgenes.

d. Excipients and Other Components of the Vaccine

The vaccine may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient. The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient can be functionalmolecules such as vehicles, adjuvants other than IL-33, carriers, ordiluents. The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient can be atransfection facilitating agent, which can include surface activeagents, such as immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMS), Freundsincomplete adjuvant, LPS analog including monophosphoryl lipid A,muramyl peptides, quinone analogs, vesicles such as squalene andsqualene, hyaluronic acid, lipids, liposomes, calcium ions, viralproteins, polyanions, polycations, or nanoparticles, or other knowntransfection facilitating agents.

The transfection facilitating agent is a polyanion, polycation,including poly-L-glutamate (LGS), or lipid. The transfectionfacilitating agent is poly-L-glutamate, and the poly-L-glutamate may bepresent in the vaccine at a concentration less than 6 mg/ml. Thetransfection facilitating agent may also include surface active agentssuch as immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMS), Freunds incompleteadjuvant, LPS analog including monophosphoryl lipid A, muramyl peptides,quinone analogs and vesicles such as squalene and squalene, andhyaluronic acid may also be used administered in conjunction with thegenetic construct. The DNA plasmid vaccines may also include atransfection facilitating agent such as lipids, liposomes, includinglecithin liposomes or other liposomes known in the art, as aDNA-liposome mixture (see for example W09324640), calcium ions, viralproteins, polyanions, polycations, or nanoparticles, or other knowntransfection facilitating agents. The transfection facilitating agent isa polyanion, polycation, including poly-L-glutamate (LGS), or lipid.Concentration of the transfection agent in the vaccine is less than 4mg/ml, less than 2 mg/ml, less than 1 mg/ml, less than 0.750 mg/ml, lessthan 0.500 mg/ml, less than 0.250 mg/ml, less than 0.100 mg/ml, lessthan 0.050 mg/ml, or less than 0.010 mg/ml.

The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient can be an adjuvant in additionto IL-33. The additional adjuvant can be other genes that are expressedin an alternative plasmid or are delivered as proteins in combinationwith the plasmid above in the vaccine. The adjuvant may be selected fromthe group consisting of: α-interferon(IFN-α), β-interferon (IFN-β),γ-interferon, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), TNFα, TNFβ, GM-CSF,epidermal growth factor (EGF), cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine(CTACK), epithelial thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK),mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine (MEC), IL-12, IL-15, MHC, CD80,CD86 including IL-15 having the signal sequence deleted and optionallyincluding the signal peptide from IgE. The adjuvant can be IL-12, IL-15,IL-28, CTACK, TECK, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), TNFα, TNFβ,GM-CSF, epidermal growth factor (EGF), IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6,IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, or a combination thereof

Other genes that can be useful as adjuvants in addition to IL-33 includethose encoding: MCP-1, MIP-1a, MIP-1p, IL-8, RANTES, L-selectin,P-selectin, E-selectin, CD34, GlyCAM-1, MadCAM-1, LFA-1, VLA-1, Mac-1,pl50.95, PECAM, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3, CD2, LFA-3, M-CSF, G-CSF, IL-4,mutant forms of IL-18, CD40, CD40L, vascular growth factor, fibroblastgrowth factor, IL-7, IL-22, nerve growth factor, vascular endothelialgrowth factor, Fas, TNF receptor, Flt, Apo-1, p55, WSL-1, DR3, TRAMP,Apo-3, AIR, LARD, NGRF, DR4, DR5, KILLER, TRAIL-R2, TRICK2, DR6, CaspaseICE, Fos, c-jun, Sp-1, Ap-1, Ap-2, p38, p65Rel, MyD88, IRAK, TRAF6, IkB,Inactive NIK, SAP K, SAP-1, JNK, interferon response genes, NFkB, Bax,TRAIL, TRAILrec, TRAILrecDRC5, TRAIL-R3, TRAIL-R4, RANK, RANK LIGAND,Ox40, Ox40 LIGAND, NKG2D, MICA, MICB, NKG2A, NKG2B, NKG2C, NKG2E, NKG2F,TAP1, TAP2 and functional fragments thereof.

The vaccine may further comprise a genetic vaccine facilitator agent asdescribed in U.S. Serial No. 021,579 filed Apr. 1, 1994, which is fullyincorporated by reference.

The vaccine can be formulated according to the mode of administration tobe used. An injectable vaccine pharmaceutical composition can besterile, pyrogen free and particulate free. An isotonic formulation orsolution can be used. Additives for isotonicity can include sodiumchloride, dextrose, mannitol, sorbitol, and lactose. The vaccine cancomprise a vasoconstriction agent. The isotonic solutions can includephosphate buffered saline. The vaccine can further comprise stabilizersincluding gelatin and albumin. The stabilizers can allow the formulationto be stable at room or ambient temperature for extended periods oftime, including LGS or polycations or polyanions.

3. METHOD OF VACCINATION

The present invention is also directed to a method of increasing animmune response in a subject. Increasing the immune response can be usedto treat and/or prevent disease in the subject, for example, cancer asdescribed in more detail below. The method can include administering theherein disclosed vaccine to the subject. The subject administered thevaccine can have an increased or boosted immune response as compared toa subject administered the antigen alone. In some embodiments, theimmune response can be increased by about 75% to about 200%.Alternatively, the immune response in the subject administered thevaccine can be increased by about 90% to about 130%. In still otheralternative embodiments, the immune response in the subject administeredthe vaccine can be increased by about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%,83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99%, 100%, 101%, 102%, 103%, 104%, 105%, 106%, 107%, 108%,109%, 110%, 111%, 112%, 113%, 114%, 115%, 116%, 117%, 118%, 119%, 120%,121%, 122%, 123%, 124%, 125%, 126%, 127%, 128%, 129%, or 130%.

In other embodiments, the immune response in the subject administeredthe vaccine can be increased by at least about 1.5-fold, at least about2.0-fold, at least about 2.5-fold, at least about 3.0-fold, at leastabout 3.5-fold, at least about 4.0-fold, at least about 4.5-fold, atleast about 5.0-fold, at least about 5.5-fold, at least about 6.0-fold,at least about 6.5-fold, at least about 7.0-fold, at least about7.5-fold, at least about 8.0-fold, at least about 8.5-fold, at leastabout 9.0-fold, at least about 9.5-fold, or at least about 10.0-fold.

The vaccine dose can be between 1 μg to 10 mg active component/kg bodyweight/time, and can be 20 pg to 10 mg component/kg body weight/time.The vaccine can be administered every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,30, or 31 days. The number of vaccine doses for effective treatment canbe 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

a. Treatment and Prevention of Cancer

The subject administered the vaccine can have an increased or boostedimmune response as compared to the subject administered the antigenalone. The increased immune response can be used to treat and/or preventdisease in the subject. The disease can be cancer, for example, anHPV-associated cancer, HBV-associated cancer, ovarian cancer, prostatecancer, breast cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer, throatcancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, cancer of the pancreas, kidneycancer, bone cancer, melanoma, metastatic cancer, hTERT-associatedcancer, FAP-antigen associated cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, bloodcancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, cervical cancer, bladdercancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, anal cancer, synovialcarcinoma, testicular cancer, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, skincancer, glioblastoma, hepatocarcinoma, stomach cancer, acute myeloidleukemia, triple-negative breast cancer, and primary cutaneous T celllymphoma. The cancer can be HPV-associated cancer.

The method can further include reducing the size of an established tumoror lesion in the subject. The tumor can be reduced in size by about 50%to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about80% to about 100%, about 90% to about 100%, about 50% to about 95%,about 60% to about 95%, about 70% to about 95%, about 80% to about 95%,about 90% to about 95%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%,about 70% to about 90%, or about 80% to about 90%. The tumor can bereduced in size by about 80%, by about 81%, by about 82%, by about 83%,by about 84%, by about 85%, by about 86%, by about 87%, by about 88%, byabout 89%, by about 90%, by about 91%, by about 92%, by about 93%, byabout 94%, by about 95%, by about 96%, by about 97%,by about 98%, byabout 99%, or by about 100%.

The method can further include increasing tumor regression in thesubject as compared to the subject administered the antigen alone.Administration of the vaccine can increase tumor regression by about 40%to about 60%, about 45% to about 55%, or about 50%. Administration ofthe vaccine can also increase the rate of tumor regression.Administration of the vaccine can further achieve tumor regression inthe subject of about 80% to about 100%, about 85% to about 100%, about90% to about 100%, about 95% to about 100%, about 80% to about 95%,about 85% to about 95%, about 90% to about 95%, about 80% to about 90%,or about 85% to about 90%. Tumor regression can be about 80%, about 81%,about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%,about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% inthe subject administered the vaccine. Tumor regression in the subjectadministered the vaccine can further be about 90% or about 100%.

The method can further include preventing cancer or tumor growth in thesubject administered the vaccine. This prevention can allow the subjectadministered the vaccine to survive a future cancer. In other words, thevaccine affords protection against cancer to the subject administeredthe vaccine. The subject administered the vaccine can have about 90% toabout 100% survival of cancer. The subject administered the vaccine canhave about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%,about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% survival ofcancer.

b. Administration

The vaccine can be formulated in accordance with standard techniqueswell known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical art. Such compositionscan be administered in dosages and by techniques well known to thoseskilled in the medical arts taking into consideration such factors asthe age, sex, weight, and condition of the particular subject, and theroute of administration. The subject can be a mammal, such as a human, ahorse, a cow, a pig, a sheep, a cat, a dog, a rat, or a mouse.

The vaccine can be administered prophylactically or therapeutically. Inprophylactic administration, the vaccines can be administered in anamount sufficient to induce an immune response. In therapeuticapplications, the vaccines are administered to a subject in need thereofin an amount sufficient to elicit a therapeutic effect. An amountadequate to accomplish this is defined as a “therapeutically effectivedose.” Amounts effective for this use will depend on, e.g., theparticular composition of the vaccine regimen administered, the mannerof administration, the stage and severity of the disease, the generalstate of health of the patient, and the judgment of the prescribingphysician.

The vaccine can be administered by methods well known in the art asdescribed in Donnelly et al. (Ann. Rev. Immunol. 15:617-648 (1997));Felgner et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,859, issued Dec. 3, 1996); Felgner(U.S. Pat. No. 5,703,055, issued Dec. 30, 1997); and Carson et al. (U.S.Pat. No. 5,679,647, issued Oct. 21, 1997), the contents of all of whichare incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The DNA of thevaccine can be complexed to particles or beads that can be administeredto an individual, for example, using a vaccine gun. One skilled in theart would know that the choice of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,including a physiologically acceptable compound, depends, for example,on the route of administration of the expression vector.

The vaccine can be delivered via a variety of routes. Typical deliveryroutes include parenteral administration, e.g., intradermal,intramuscular or subcutaneous delivery. Other routes include oraladministration, intranasal, and intravaginal routes. For the DNA of thevaccine in particular, the vaccine can be delivered to the interstitialspaces of tissues of an individual (Felgner et al., U.S. Pat. Nos.5,580,859 and 5,703,055, the contents of all of which are incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety). The vaccine can also beadministered to muscle, or can be administered via intradermal orsubcutaneous injections, or transdermally, such as by iontophoresis.Epidermal administration of the vaccine can also be employed. Epidermaladministration can involve mechanically or chemically irritating theoutermost layer of epidermis to stimulate an immune response to theirritant (Carson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,647, the contents of whichare incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

The vaccine can also be formulated for administration via the nasalpassages. Formulations suitable for nasal administration, wherein thecarrier is a solid, can include a coarse powder having a particle size,for example, in the range of about 10 to about 500 microns which isadministered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e., by rapidinhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder heldclose up to the nose. The formulation can be a nasal spray, nasal drops,or by aerosol administration by nebulizer. The formulation can includeaqueous or oily solutions of the vaccine.

The vaccine can be a liquid preparation such as a suspension, syrup orelixir. The vaccine can also be a preparation for parenteral,subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular or intravenous administration(e.g., injectable administration), such as a sterile suspension oremulsion.

The vaccine can be incorporated into liposomes, microspheres or otherpolymer matrices (Felgner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,703,055; Gregoriadis,Liposome Technology, Vols. Ito III (2nd ed. 1993), the contents of whichare incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). Liposomes canconsist of phospholipids or other lipids, and can be nontoxic,physiologically acceptable and metabolizable carriers that arerelatively simple to make and administer.

The vaccine can be administered via electroporation, such as by a methoddescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,664,545, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference. The electroporation can be by a methodand/or apparatus described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,302,874; 5,676,646;6,241,701; 6,233,482; 6,216,034; 6,208,893; 6,192,270; 6,181,964;6,150,148; 6,120,493; 6,096,020; 6,068,650; and 5,702,359, the contentsof which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Theelectroporation may be carried out via a minimally invasive device.

The minimally invasive electroporation device (“MID”) may be anapparatus for injecting the vaccine described above and associated fluidinto body tissue. The device may comprise a hollow needle, DNA cassette,and fluid delivery means, wherein the device is adapted to actuate thefluid delivery means in use so as to concurrently (for example,automatically) inject DNA into body tissue during insertion of theneedle into the said body tissue. This has the advantage that theability to inject the DNA and associated fluid gradually while theneedle is being inserted leads to a more even distribution of the fluidthrough the body tissue. The pain experienced during injection may bereduced due to the distribution of the DNA being injected over a largerarea.

The MID may inject the vaccine into tissue without the use of a needle.The MID may inject the vaccine as a small stream or jet with such forcethat the vaccine pierces the surface of the tissue and enters theunderlying tissue and/or muscle. The force behind the small stream orjet may be provided by expansion of a compressed gas, such as carbondioxide through a micro-orifice within a fraction of a second. Examplesof minimally invasive electroporation devices, and methods of usingthem, are described in published U.S. Patent Application No.20080234655; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,520,950; 7,171,264; 6,208,893; 6,009,347;6,120,493; 7,245,963; 7,328,064; and 6,763,264, the contents of each ofwhich are herein incorporated by reference.

The MID may comprise an injector that creates a high-speed jet of liquidthat painlessly pierces the tissue. Such needle-free injectors arecommercially available. Examples of needle-free injectors that can beutilized herein include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,805,783;4,447,223; 5,505,697; and 4,342,310, the contents of each of which areherein incorporated by reference.

A desired vaccine in a form suitable for direct or indirectelectrotransport may be introduced (e.g., injected) using a needle-freeinjector into the tissue to be treated, usually by contacting the tissuesurface with the injector so as to actuate delivery of a jet of theagent, with sufficient force to cause penetration of the vaccine intothe tissue. For example, if the tissue to be treated is mucosa, skin ormuscle, the agent is projected towards the mucosal or skin surface withsufficient force to cause the agent to penetrate through the stratumcorneum and into dermal layers, or into underlying tissue and muscle,respectively.

Needle-free injectors are well suited to deliver vaccines to all typesof tissues, particularly to skin and mucosa. In some embodiments, aneedle-free injector may be used to propel a liquid that contains thevaccine to the surface and into the subject's skin or mucosa.Representative examples of the various types of tissues that can betreated using the invention methods include pancreas, larynx,nasopharynx, hypopharynx, oropharynx, lip, throat, lung, heart, kidney,muscle, breast, colon, prostate, thymus, testis, skin, mucosal tissue,ovary, blood vessels, or any combination thereof.

The MID may have needle electrodes that electroporate the tissue. Bypulsing between multiple pairs of electrodes in a multiple electrodearray, for example set up in rectangular or square patterns, providesimproved results over that of pulsing between a pair of electrodes.Disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,359 entitled “NeedleElectrodes for Mediated Delivery of Drugs and Genes” is an array ofneedles wherein a plurality of pairs of needles may be pulsed during thetherapeutic treatment. In that application, which is incorporated hereinby reference as fully set forth, needles were disposed in a circulararray, but have connectors and switching apparatus enabling a pulsingbetween opposing pairs of needle electrodes. A pair of needle electrodesfor delivering recombinant expression vectors to cells may be used. Sucha device and system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,763,264, thecontents of which are herein incorporated by reference. Alternatively, asingle needle device may be used that allows injection of the DNA andelectroporation with a single needle resembling a normal injectionneedle and applies pulses of lower voltage than those delivered bypresently used devices, thus reducing the electrical sensationexperienced by the patient.

The MID may comprise one or more electrode arrays. The arrays maycomprise two or more needles of the same diameter or differentdiameters. The needles may be evenly or unevenly spaced apart. Theneedles may be between 0.005 inches and 0.03 inches, between 0.01 inchesand 0.025 inches; or between 0.015 inches and 0.020 inches. The needlemay be 0.0175 inches in diameter. The needles may be 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.5mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, 3.5 mm, 4.0 mm, or more spaced apart.

The MID may consist of a pulse generator and a two or more-needlevaccine injectors that deliver the vaccine and electroporation pulses ina single step. The pulse generator may allow for flexible programming ofpulse and injection parameters via a flash card operated personalcomputer, as well as comprehensive recording and storage ofelectroporation and patient data. The pulse generator may deliver avariety of volt pulses during short periods of time. For example, thepulse generator may deliver three 15 volt pulses of 100 ms in duration.An example of such a MID is the Elgen 1000 system by Inovio BiomedicalCorporation, which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,328,064, the contentsof which are herein incorporated by reference.

The MID may be a CELLECTRA (Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Blue Bell PA) deviceand system, which is a modular electrode system, that facilitates theintroduction of a macromolecule, such as a DNA, into cells of a selectedtissue in a body or plant. The modular electrode system may comprise aplurality of needle electrodes; a hypodermic needle; an electricalconnector that provides a conductive link from a programmableconstant-current pulse controller to the plurality of needle electrodes;and a power source. An operator can grasp the plurality of needleelectrodes that are mounted on a support structure and firmly insertthem into the selected tissue in a body or plant. The macromolecules arethen delivered via the hypodermic needle into the selected tissue. Theprogrammable constant-current pulse controller is activated andconstant-current electrical pulse is applied to the plurality of needleelectrodes. The applied constant-current electrical pulse facilitatesthe introduction of the macromolecule into the cell between theplurality of electrodes. Cell death due to overheating of cells isminimized by limiting the power dissipation in the tissue by virtue ofconstant-current pulses. The Cellectra device and system is described inU.S. Pat. No. 7,245,963, the contents of which are herein incorporatedby reference.

The MID may be an Elgen 1000 system (Inovio Pharmaceuticals). The Elgen1000 system may comprise device that provides a hollow needle; and fluiddelivery means, wherein the apparatus is adapted to actuate the fluiddelivery means in use so as to concurrently (for example automatically)inject fluid, the described vaccine herein, into body tissue duringinsertion of the needle into the said body tissue. The advantage is theability to inject the fluid gradually while the needle is being insertedleads to a more even distribution of the fluid through the body tissue.It is also believed that the pain experienced during injection isreduced due to the distribution of the volume of fluid being injectedover a larger area.

In addition, the automatic injection of fluid facilitates automaticmonitoring and registration of an actual dose of fluid injected. Thisdata can be stored by a control unit for documentation purposes ifdesired.

It will be appreciated that the rate of injection could be either linearor non-linear and that the injection may be carried out after theneedles have been inserted through the skin of the subject to be treatedand while they are inserted further into the body tissue.

Suitable tissues into which fluid may be injected by the apparatus ofthe present invention include tumor tissue, skin or liver tissue but maybe muscle tissue.

The apparatus further comprises needle insertion means for guidinginsertion of the needle into the body tissue. The rate of fluidinjection is controlled by the rate of needle insertion. This has theadvantage that both the needle insertion and injection of fluid can becontrolled such that the rate of insertion can be matched to the rate ofinjection as desired. It also makes the apparatus easier for a user tooperate. If desired means for automatically inserting the needle intobody tissue could be provided.

A user could choose when to commence injection of fluid. Ideallyhowever, injection is commenced when the tip of the needle has reachedmuscle tissue and the apparatus may include means for sensing when theneedle has been inserted to a sufficient depth for injection of thefluid to commence. This means that injection of fluid can be prompted tocommence automatically when the needle has reached a desired depth(which will normally be the depth at which muscle tissue begins). Thedepth at which muscle tissue begins could for example be taken to be apreset needle insertion depth such as a value of 4 mm which would bedeemed sufficient for the needle to get through the skin layer.

The sensing means may comprise an ultrasound probe. The sensing meansmay comprise a means for sensing a change in impedance or resistance. Inthis case, the means may not as such record the depth of the needle inthe body tissue but will rather be adapted to sense a change inimpedance or resistance as the needle moves from a different type ofbody tissue into muscle. Either of these alternatives provides arelatively accurate and simple to operate means of sensing thatinjection may commence. The depth of insertion of the needle can furtherbe recorded if desired and could be used to control injection of fluidsuch that the volume of fluid to be injected is determined as the depthof needle insertion is being recorded.

The apparatus may further comprise: a base for supporting the needle;and a housing for receiving the base therein, wherein the base ismoveable relative to the housing such that the needle is retractedwithin the housing when the base is in a first rearward positionrelative to the housing and the needle extends out of the housing whenthe base is in a second forward position within the housing. This isadvantageous for a user as the housing can be lined up on the skin of apatient, and the needles can then be inserted into the patient's skin bymoving the housing relative to the base.

As stated above, it is desirable to achieve a controlled rate of fluidinjection such that the fluid is evenly distributed over the length ofthe needle as it is inserted into the skin. The fluid delivery means maycomprise piston driving means adapted to inject fluid at a controlledrate. The piston driving means could for example be activated by a servomotor. However, the piston driving means may be actuated by the basebeing moved in the axial direction relative to the housing. It will beappreciated that alternative means for fluid delivery could be provided.Thus, for example, a closed container which can be squeezed for fluiddelivery at a controlled or non-controlled rate could be provided in theplace of a syringe and piston system.

The apparatus described above could be used for any type of injection.It is however envisaged to be particularly useful in the field ofelectroporation and so it may further comprise means for applying avoltage to the needle. This allows the needle to be used not only forinjection but also as an electrode during electroporation. This isparticularly advantageous as it means that the electric field is appliedto the same area as the injected fluid. There has traditionally been aproblem with electroporation in that it is very difficult to accuratelyalign an electrode with previously injected fluid and so users havetended to inject a larger volume of fluid than is required over a largerarea and to apply an electric field over a higher area to attempt toguarantee an overlap between the injected substance and the electricfield. Using the present invention, both the volume of fluid injectedand the size of electric field applied may be reduced while achieving agood fit between the electric field and the fluid.

The present invention has multiple aspects, illustrated by the followingnon-limiting examples.

4. EXAMPLES Example 1 Materials and Methods for Examples 2-10

Plasmid Construction. The GenBank sequence NM_001164724.1 for mouseIL-33 was used to synthesize full-length (proIL-33) and mature IL-33(mtrIL-33) (aa 109-266) plasmid DNA constructs (see FIG. 1A for aschematic illustration of the mouse proIL-33 and mouse mtrIL-33constructs. Sequence for human IL-33 was also used to synthesizefull-length (proIL-33) and mature (mtrIL-33) (aa 112-270) plasmid DNAconstructs (see FIG. 10 for a schematic illustration of the humanproIL-33 and human mtrIL-33 constructs). Each construct had a highlyefficient immunoglobulin E (IgE) leader sequence inserted at the 5′endof the gene. Each construct was commercially synthesized and optimized.The optimized nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:5 encoded mouse proIL-33(SEQ ID NO:6). The optimized nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:7 encodedmouse mtrIL-33 (SEQ ID NO:8). The optimized nucleic acid sequence SEQ IDNO:1 encoded human mtrIL-33 (SEQ ID NO:2). The optimized nucleic acidsequence SEQ ID NO:3 encoded human proIL-33 (SEQ ID NO:4). In each ofthese four constructs, the first eighteen amino acids (i.e., residues1-18) were the IgE leader sequence. Plasmid expressing HPV 16 ConE6E7and the GP33 construct were also prepared.

Transfection and Expression of Plasmids. ProIL-33 and mtrIL-33 constructexpression was confirmed by western blot and immunofluorescence. HumanRhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell lines were cultured, transfected andharvested. Briefly, RD cells were cultured in 6-well plates andtransfected with the constructs (pVAX as control) using LIPOFECTAMINE2000 (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's protocol. Forty-eighthours later, cells were lysed using modified RIPA cell lysis buffer andcell lysate was collected. Western blot analysis was performed with ananti-IL33 monoclonal antibody (R&D systems) and visualized withhorseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-rat IgG (Cell Signaling)using an ECL western blot analysis system (GE Amersham). In addition,supernatants were also collected at 48 hours after transfection andcytokine secretion was examined by mouse/rat IL-33 Quantikine ELISA kit(R&D Systems) according to manufacturer's protocol.

Furthermore, an indirect immunofluorescent assay was also utilized toconfirm expression of proIL-33 and mtrIL-33. Briefly, RD cells wereplated on two-well chamber slides (BD Biosciences) and grown to 70%confluence overnight in a 37 degrees Celsius incubator with 5% CO₂. Thecells were transfected with 1 μg of IL-33 constructs and the controlplasmid pGX0001 (1 ug/well) using TURBOFECTION 8.0 Transfection Reagent(OriGene) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Forty-eighthours later, the cells were fixed on slides using ice cold methanol for10 min. The cells were stained with anti-IL-33 mouse monoclonal antibody(R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.) and subsequently incubated with Alexa555-conjugated anti-rat secondary antibody (Cell Signaling). Images wereanalyzed by fluorescent microscopy (Leica DM4000B, Leica McirosystemsInc, USA) and quantification were conducted using SPOT Advanced softwareprogram (SPOT Diagnostic Instruments, Inc).

Animals. Female 8-week-old C57BL/6 (B6) mice were purchased from JacksonLaboratory (Bar Harbor, Me., USA). The P14 mice bearing theD^(b)GP33-specific T-cell receptor were obtained from the University ofPennsylvania (laboratory of Dr. John Wherry). To generate the “P14chimera” mice, 1.6×10⁵ naïve T-cell receptor transgenic T cells wereadoptively transferred into naïve B6 mice.

Immunization and Electroporation of Mice. Mice were immunized threetimes at three-week intervals in the tibialis anterior muscle. In vivoElectroporation (EP), with the CELLECTRA adaptive constant current EPdevice (Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Blue Bell, Pa.), occurred at the samesite immediately followed vaccinations. The mice (n=4) were immunizedwith either 5 μg pVAX1 or 5 μg ConE6E7 alone or with various amounts ofproIL-33 and mtrIL-33 constructs, depending on the experiment (e.g., 5μg and 7 μg). GP33 construct was administered at 5 μg.

ELISpot Assays. First, spleens were harvested 8 days following the finalimmunization. After spleens were harvested and processed, both IFN-γ andIL-4 ELISpot assays were performed to determine antigen-specificcytokine secretion from immunized mice. A set of peptides (15 amino acidresidues overlapping by 8 amino acids) representing the entire consensusE6/E7 fusion protein sequence of HPV16 was synthesized from GenScript.This set of peptides was pooled into two pools, spanning the length ofthe E6 and E7 antigens. Concavalin A (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) at5 μg/ml was used as positive control and complete culture medium wasused as negative control. Spots were enumerated using an automatedELISPOT reader (Cellular Technology, Shaker Heights, Ohio).

Intracellular Cytokine Stain for Flow Cytometry. Lymphocytes wereisolated from the spleen and peripheral blood. Major histocompatibilitycomplex class I peptide tetramer to LCMV-GP33 was used. Specifically,splenocytes were added to a 96-well plate (1×10⁵/well) and werestimulated with pooled HPV-16 E6/E7 pooled peptide for 5-6 hours at 37°C./5% CO₂ in the presence of Protein Transport Inhibitor Cocktail(Brefeldin A and Monensin) (ebioscience) according to the manufacturer'sinstructions. The Cell Stimulation Cocktail (plus protein transportinhibitors) (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), ionomycin, brefeldinA and monensin) (ebioscience) was used as a positive control and R10media as negative control. In cultures being used to measuredegranulation, anti-CD107a (FITC; clone 1D4B; Biolegend) was added atthis time to enhance staining.

All cells were then stained for surface and intracellular proteins.Briefly, the cells were washed in FACS buffer (PBS containing 0.1%sodium azide and 1% FCS) before surface staining withflourochrome-conjugated antibodies. Cells were washed with FACS bufferfixation and permeabilization using the BD CYTOFIX/CYTOPERM (BD, SanDiego, Calif., USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol followed byintracellular staining.

The following antibodies were used for surface staining: LIVE/DEADFixable Violet Dead Cell stain kit (Invitrogen), CD19 (V50; clone 1D3;BD Biosciences), CD4 (V500; clone RM4-5; BD Biosciences), CD8(PE-TexasRed; clone 53-6.7; Abcam), CD44 (A700; clone IM7; Biolegend);KLRG1 (FITC; clone 2F1; eBioscience); and PD-1 (PeCy7; clone RMP1-30;Biolegend). Major histocompatibility complex class I peptide tetramer toLCMV-GP33 was used. For intracellular staining, the following antibodieswere used: IFN-γ (APC; clone XMG1.2; Biolegend), TNF-α (PE; cloneMP6-XT22; ebioscience), and CD3 (PerCP/Cy5.5; clone 145-2C11;Biolegend).

All data were collected using a LSRII flow cytometer (BD Biosciences)and analyzed using FlowJo software (Tree Star, Ashland, Oreg.) and SPICEv5.2 (available from the National Institutes of Health (NIH),specifically, the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease(NIAID)). Boolean gating was performed using FlowJo software to examinethe polyfunctionality of the T cells from vaccinated animals. Dead cellswere removed by gating on a LIVE/DEAD fixable violet dead cell stain kit(invtirogen) versus forward scatter (FSC-A).

Ag-Specific Antibody Determination. The measurement of IgG antibodiesspecific for viral genes E6 and E7 was performed by ELISA (enzyme linkedimmunosorbent assay) in both immunized and controlled mice. The plateswere coated with 1 μg/ml of each protein (ProteinX Lab) and incubatedovernight at 4 degrees Celsius. After washing, plates were blocked with10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in 1× phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 1hour at room temperature. Plates were then washed again and serum wasadded at a 1:25 dilution in 1% FBS+PBS+0.05% Tween-20 and incubated atroom temperature for 1 hour. After another wash, goat anti-mouse IgG HRP(Santa Cruz) at a 1:5000 dilution was added to each well and incubatedfor 1 hour at room temperature. Following a final wash, the reaction wasdeveloped with the substrate 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine(Sigma-Aldrich) and stopped with 100 μL of 2N sulfuric acid/well. Plateswere read at 450 nm on Glomax Multi-Detection System (Promega). Allserum samples were tested in duplicate.

The amount of antigen specific IgE was also determined using a similarELISA protocol using the secondary rat anti-mouse IgE HRP antibody(Southern Biotech). Total IgE was determined using GenWay's mouse IgEkit. The manufacturer's protocol was followed with serum dilutions at1:50. All serum samples were tested in duplicate.

Tumor Cell Line. The TC-1 cell line constitutively expresses E6 and E7and is highly tumorigenic. TC-1 cells were cultured, prepared, and mixedwith Matrigel (BD Bioscience) prior to subcutaneous (s.c.) tumorimplantation.

In Vivo Tumor Treatment (Regression) Study. Female B6 mice wereseparated into four groups of 10 mice each and 5×10⁴ TC-1 cells weres.c. implanted into the flanks of each wild-type female B6 mice. On day4, (after tumor implantation and when tumors reached 3 mm), each groupof mice was immunized intramuscularly by electroporation (i.m./EP;described above) with pVAX, ConE6E7, ConE6E7 proIL-33, and ConE6E7mtrIL-33, respectively, and boosted on day 11 and 18. Mice weremonitored twice a week for tumor growth by measurement of the tumors.Animals were sacrificed when tumor diameter reached 20 mm.

Statistical Analysis. Student's t-test was applied for comparison of thequantitative data of the cellular immune response and tumor diameters.In this study, p<0.05 were regarded as statistically significant.

Example 2 Construction and Expression of IL-33 Isoforms

To examine whether IL-33 may function as an adjuvant in DNA vaccination,proIL-33 and mtrIL-33 constructs were designed and generated as depictedin FIG. 1A and described above. Each construct was under the control ofa cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter and contained an IgE leader sequence.

To determine the expression of the proIL-33 and mtrIL-33 forms, humanrhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells were transfected separately with eachconstruct. RD cells transfected with the expression vector pVAX servedas a negative control. Cell lysates were harvested 48 hours (hrs) aftertransfection. Expression of proIL-33 and mtrIL-33 was detected inrespective cell lysates by western immunoblotting using an anti-IL-33monoclonal antibody (mAb). No IL-33 protein was detected in the lanecorresponding to the negative pVAX control (FIG. 1B). In the lanecorresponding to mrtIL-33, the expected band size was observed (about 20kiloDaltons (kDA)). In the lane corresponding to proIL-33, a larger band(about 30 kDA) and a smaller band (about 20 kDA) were observed andcorresponded to the expected sizes for proIL-33 and mtrIL-33,respectively. Accordingly, these data indicated that proIL-33 andmtrIL-33 were expressed from the constructs.

To examine secretion of the proIL-33 and mtrIL-33 forms, cellsupernatants were obtained 48 hrs after transfection of RD cells.Detection of protein secretion into the extracellular environment wascarried out by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). As shown inFIG. 1C, supernatants from mtrIL-33 and proIL-33 transfected RD cellscontained mtrIL-33 and proIL-33 at concentrations of roughly 20,000pg/ml and 600 pg/ml, respectively. Cell supernatants from RD cellstransfected with the expression vector pVAX served as a negative controland no IL-33 was secreted from these same cells. Data shown in FIG. 1Care the means with standard error of the means (SEM) for two replicateassays.

Expression of both proIL-33 and mtrIL-33 was further confirmed usingimmunofluorescent staining. The primary antibody was an anti-IL-33 mousemAb and the secondary antibody was an Alexa 555-conjugated anti-ratantibody. DAPI was used to stain nuclei. In RD cells transientlytransfected with the proIL-33 construct, high nuclear expression withsome cytoplasmic expression of proIL-33 was observed, indicating thatproIL-33 is primarily localized in the nucleus (FIG. 1D, bottom panel).In RD cells transiently transfected with the mtrIL-33 construct, onlyhigh cytoplasmic expression of mtrIL-33 was observed, indicating thatmtrIL-33 is localized to the cytoplasm (FIG. 1D, middle panel). RD cellstransiently transfected with the expression vector pVAX served as anegative control and no IL-33 was detected in these same cells (FIG. 1D,top panel). These staining data reflected one structural differencebetween proIL-33 and mtrIL-33, namely the nuclear localization signalpresent in proIL-33 and not mtrIL-33.

Example 3 IL-33 Enhanced the Cellular Immune Response to a DNA Vaccine

As described above, IL-33 induces and supports a Th2 immune response.The Th2 immune response includes induction of the cytokine Interleukin-4(IL-4). Accordingly, the above described proIL-33 and mtrIL-33constructs were further examined to determine if IL-33 could increaseinduction of the Th2 immune response to an antigen, for example, aconsensus-based fusion HPV 16 E6/E7 (ConE6E7) antigen. The Th1 immuneresponse to ConE6E7 was also studied by examining IFN-γ secretion. Inparticular, a plasmid encoding ConE6E7 antigen (ConE6E7 construct) wasadministered to mice alone or in combination with the proIL-33 ormtrIL-33 constructs. Administration of the construct(s) was followed byelectroporation.

FIG. 2A shows the DNA vaccine immunization schedule. C57BL/6 (B6) mice(n=4 for each group) were administered intramuscular (i.m.) a dosage of5 μg of ConE6E7 construct alone or in combination with either mtrIL-33or proIL-33 construct at various doses (i.e., 5 μg and 7 μg). The fourthgroup of mice was administered by i.m. a dosage of 5 μg of pVAX.Intramuscular administration of the construct(s) was followed byelectroporation. Immunization occurred at weeks 0, 3, and 6. One weekafter final immunization (i.e., week 7), mice were sacrificed to collectspleens. Lymphocytes were isolated from the spleens and the immuneresponses of each group of mice was analyzed using a quantative ELISpotassay.

The ELISpot assay was used to determine the number of antigen-specificIFN-γ or IL-4 secreting cells in response to stimulation with the E6 andE7 peptide pool (described above in Example 1). As shown in FIG. 2B,IL-33 drove Th1-polarized immune responses. The induction of the Th1immune response is shown by the frequency of HPV 16 E6- and E7-specificIFN-γ spot-forming units (SFU) per million splenocytes. Co-immunizationwith plasmid encoding either proIL-33 or mtrIL-33 induced higher numbersof E6- and E7-specific IFN-γ secreting T cells at all doses (i.e., 5 μgand 7 μg) when compared with mice vaccinated with the ConE6E7 constructalone (about 500 SFU per million splenocytes). The dose of 7 μg ofmtrIL-33 or proIL-33 resulted in a total 4- or 3.5-fold increase inIFN-γ ELISpot magnitude, respectively.

As shown in FIG. 2C, neither proIL-33 nor mtrIL-33 drove robustsecretion of IL-4. The induction of the Th2 immune response is shown bythe frequency of HPV 16 E6- and E7-specific IL-4 spot-forming units(SFU) per million splenocytes.

As noted above, IL-33 was thought to induce and support a Th2 immuneresponse. Instead, both proIL-33 and mtrIL-33 as adjuvants were biasedtowards the Th1, and not the Th2, cytokine associated immune responses.Accordingly, these data are unexpected and surprising in that IL-33(both the proIL-33 and mtrIL-33 forms) increased induction of the Th1(cellular immune response as evidenced by IFN-γ), but did not increaseinduction of the Th2 (humoral immune response as evidenced by IL-4) forthe DNA vaccine. These data showed that both proIL-33 and mtrIL-33 areeffective adjuvants that induce a cellular immune response.

Example 4 IL-33 Enhanced HPV Antigen-Specific CD4⁺ T cell Immunity

As demonstrated above, both proIL-33 and mtrIL-33 amplified the antigen(Ag)-specific IFN-γ immune response induced by vaccination. This immuneresponse was further examined by characterizing the phenotype andcytokine profile of the effector T cells generated by the immuneresponse. In particular, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ (discussed below in Example 5) Tcell immunity was examined via IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion becausemultifunctional CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell immunity facilitates elimination ofHPV16-infected cells.

B6 mice were immunized by intramuscular (i.m.) injection with a dosageof 5 μg of ConE6E7 construct with or without 7 μg of mtrIL-33 orproIL-33 construct, followed by electroporation. A fourth group of micewas administered by i.m. a dosage of 5 μg of pVAX. Intramuscularadministration of the construct(s) was followed by electroporation.Immunization occurred at weeks 0, 3, and 6. One week after finalimmunization (i.e., week 7), mice were sacrificed to collect spleens.Accordingly, immunization occurred at 3 week intervals, and splenocyteswere collected one week after the final immunization. The splenocyteswere stimulated with pooled E6 and E7 peptide to determine the abilityof vaccine-induced Ag-specific T cell populations to secrete IFN-γ andTNF-α in response to stimulation. After stimulation, splenocytes wereanalyzed using flow cytometry following intracellular staining withantibodies against IFN-γ and TNF-α. The gating strategy for analyzingthe frequency of CD4⁺ T cells positive for IFN-γ and TNF-α cytokines isshown in FIG. 3A.

FIGS. 3B-3E show the data from the analysis of CD4⁺ T cells positive forIFN-γ, TNF-α, or both IFN-γ and TNF-α. Data represent mean±SEM of fourmice per group. **P<0.01, *P<0.05 compared with ConE6E7 (Student'st-test). Compared with the negative control pVAX and ConE6E7 vaccinationalone, the ConE6E7 co-administered with mtrIL-33 or proIL-33 elicited ahigher frequency of HPV-specific CD4⁺ T cells producing either totalIFN-γ (mtrIL-33: 0.21%; proIL-33: 0.25%), total TNF-α (mtrIL-33: 0.25%;proIL-33: 0.39%) and dual IFN-γ/TNF-α (mtrIL-33: 0.12%; proIL-33: 0.15%)(FIGS. 3B-3D). A similar trend was observed with the frequency ofAg-specific CD4⁺ T cells producing IFN-γ alone and TNF-γ alone (FIG.3E). In FIG. 3E, column graphs show plurifunctional subpopulations ofsingle- and double-positive CD4⁺ T cells releasing cytokines IFN-γand/or TNF-α. Single-positive CD4⁺ T cells are those cells releasingeither IFN-γ or TNF-α while double-positive CD4⁺ T cells are those cellsreleasing both IFN-γ and TNF-α. The pie charts in FIG. 3E show therelative proportion of each cytokine subpopulation to Ag-specificstimulation.

The above data demonstrated that the frequencies of CD4⁺ T cellsproducing IFN-γ, TNF-α and dual IFN-γ/TNF-α was significantly increasedwhen either proIL-33 or mtrIL-33 was an adjuvant in the vaccine. Thehigh frequencies of effector T cells secreting anti-viral cytokines suchas IFN-γ and TNF-α are indicative of the adjuvant effects of bothproIL-33 and mtrIL-33 to enhance vaccine potency. These data furtherindicated the ability of both proIL-33 and mtrIL-33 to act as effectiveadjuvants, namely by inducing CD4⁺ T cell immunity and secretion of theIFN-γ and TNF-α cytokines.

Example 5 IL-33 Enhanced HPV Antigen-Specific CD8⁺ T Cell Immunity

Similar to CD4⁺ T cell immunity, multifunctional CD8⁺ T cell immunityalso facilitates elimination of HPV16-infected cells. Accordingly, IFN-γand TNF-α secretion in response to vaccination was also examined forCD8⁺ T cells.

Specifically, B6 mice were immunized by intramuscular (i.m.) injectionwith a dosage of 5 ug of ConE6E7 construct with or without 7 μg ofmtrIL-33 or proIL-33 construct, followed by electroporation. A fourthgroup of mice was administered by i.m. a dosage of 5 μg of pVAX.Intramuscular administration of the construct(s) was followed byelectroporation. Immunization occurred at weeks 0, 3, and 6. One weekafter final immunization (i.e., week 7), mice were sacrificed to collectspleens. Accordingly, immunization occurred at 3 week intervals, andsplenocytes were collected one week after the final immunization. Thesplenocytes were stimulated with pooled E6 and E7 peptide to determinethe ability of vaccine-induced Ag-specific T cell populations to secreteIFN-γ and TNF-α in response to stimulation. After stimulation,splenocytes were analyzed using flow cytometry following intracellularstaining with antibodies against IFN-γ and TNF-α. The gating strategyfor analyzing the frequency of CD8⁺ T cells positive for IFN-γ and TNF-αcytokines is shown in FIG. 3A.

FIGS. 4A-D show the data from the analysis of CD8⁺ T cells positive forIFN-γ, TNF-α, or both IFN-γ and TNF-α. Data represent mean±SEM of fourmice per group. *P<0.05 compared with ConE6E7 construct (Student'st-test). Compared with the negative control pVAX and ConE6E7 vaccinationalone, the ConE6E7 co-administered with mtrIL-33 or proIL-33 elicitedsubstantially higher frequencies of HPV-specific CD8⁺ T cells producingtotal IFN-γ (mtrIL-33: 3.68%; proIL-33: 3.50%), total TNF-α (mtrIL-33:3.11%; proIL-33: 3.13%) and dual IFN-γ/TNF-α (mtrIL-33: 2.83%; proIL-33:2.75%) (FIGS. 4A-4C).

The same trend was observed with the frequency of Ag-specific CD8⁺ Tcells secreting IFN-γ alone and TNF-α alone (FIG. 4D). In FIG. 4D, thecolumn graph shows plurifunctional subpopulations of single- anddouble-positive CD8⁺ T cells releasing cytokines IFN-γ and/or TNF-α.Single-positive CD8+T cells are those cells releasing either IFN-γ orTNF-α while double-positive CD8+ T cells are those cells releasing bothIFN-γ and TNF-α. The pie charts in FIG. 4D show the relative proportionof each cytokine subpopulation to Ag-specific stimulation. The dot plotsin FIG. 4D are representative of four mice and depict double-positiveCD8⁺ T cells after stimulation with pooled E6/E7 peptide. Theproportional order of effector CD8⁺ T cell subpopulations in response toE6E7 stimulation was greatest with cells double positive for bothcytokines, IFN-γ+/TNF-α+, followed by IFN-γ alone, which in turn wasgreater than cells secreting TNFα+ alone (FIG. 4D).

The above data demonstrated that the frequencies of CD8⁺ T cellsproducing IFN-γ, TNF-α and dual IFN-γ/TNF-α was significantly increasedwhen either proIL-33 or mtrIL-33 was an adjuvant in the vaccine. Theco-administration with proIL-33 and mtrIL-33 produced similar amounts ofAg-specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells producing IFN-γ, TNF-α and dualIFN-γ/TNF-α, in which cytokine production was mediated mainly by CD8⁺ Tcells. The high frequencies of effector T cells secreting anti-viralcytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α are indicative of the adjuvant effectsof IL-33 to enhance vaccine potency. These data further indicated theability of both proIL-33 and mtrIL-33 to act as effective adjuvants,namely by inducing CD8+ T cell immunity and secretion of the IFN-γ andTNF-α cytokines.

Example 6 IL-33 Induced Cytotoxic CD8+ T Lymphocytes (CTLs)

Cytotoxic CD8⁺ T lymphocytes (CTLs) also provide protective immunity byundergoing degranulation. CD107a is a marker of degranulation. WhetherCD8⁺ T cells are induced to undergo degranulation when IL-33 was anadjuvant in the vaccine was examined to better understand the cytotoxicpotential of the vaccine.

B6 mice were immunized by intramuscular (i.m.) injection with a dosageof 5 μg of ConE6E7 construct with or without 7 μg of mtrIL-33 orproIL-33 construct, followed by electroporation. A fourth group of micewas administered by i.m. a dosage of 5 μg of pVAX. Intramuscularadministration of the construct(s) was followed by electroporation.Immunization occurred at weeks 0, 3, and 6. One week after finalimmunization (i.e., week 7), mice were sacrificed to collect spleens.Accordingly, immunization occurred at 3 week intervals, and splenocyteswere collected one week after the final immunization. The splenocyteswere stimulated with pooled E6 and E7 peptide to determine the abilityof vaccine-induced Ag-specific T cell populations to secrete IFN-γ andTNF-α in response to stimulation. The ability of vaccine-inducedAg-specific T cell populations to express CD107a in response tostimulation was also examined. After stimulation, splenocytes wereanalyzed using flow cytometry following intracellular staining withantibodies against IFN-γ, TNF-α, and CD107a. The gating strategy foranalyzing the frequency of CD8+ T cells positive for IFN-γ, TNF-α, andCD107a is shown in FIG. 3A.

FIGS. 4E and 4F show the antigen-specific cytolytic degranulation of Tcells as measured by the degranulation marker CD107a and the cytokineprofile of the cytolytic phenotype, respectively. Data representmean±SEM of four mice per group. *P<0.05 compared with ConE6E7 construct(Student's t-test).

CD8⁺ T cells isolated from mice vaccinated with proIL-33 or mtrIL-33 asan adjuvant showed a higher frequency of the degranulation marker,CD107a (mtrIL-33: 4.4%; proIL-33: 4.9%), compared to mice that receivedthe ConE6E7 construct alone (FIG. 4E). A substantial proportion ofHPV-specific effector cells were plurifunctional, expressing thedegranulation marker CD107a and simultaneously expressing IFN-γ andTNF-α in various combinations (FIG. 4F). Vaccines including proIL-33 ormtrIL-33 as an adjuvant elicited substantially higher frequencies ofeffector CD8⁺ T cells co-expressing CD107a/IFN-γ/TNF-α (mtrIL-33: 2.5%;proIL-33: 2.5%). These results indicated the adjuvant potential of bothproIL-33 and mtrIL-33 to induce functional effector cytotoxic CTLs,which have a phenotype that indicated the cells ability to clear HPV16infected cells. These data further indicated the ability of bothproIL-33 and mtrIL-33 to act as effective adjuvants, namely by inducingCD8⁺ T cell immunity and secretion of the IFN-γ and TNF-α cytokines.

Together, the data from Examples 4-6 demonstrated that co-immunizationof HPV ConE6E7 construct with either mtrIL-33 or proIL-33 construct asthe adjuvant resulted in stronger HPV-specific cellular immunity.Accordingly, vaccines including proIL-33 and mtrIL-33 as adjuvantsshowed therapeutic potential.

Example 7 ProIL-33 Induced Expansion of CD8⁺ T Cells

The CD8⁺ T cell response induced by inclusion of proIL-33 as an adjuvantin the vaccine was further examined to determine if proIL-33 couldinduce expansion of CD8⁺ T cells. Populations of T cell subsets can betracked using the P14 (D^(b)GP33-specific T cell receptor (TCR)) mousemodel, thereby allowing for the monitoring of the expansion of CD8+ Tcells in response to vaccination. As described in more detail below, theexpansion of GP33/Ly5.1+-specific CD8⁺ T cells was monitored in responseto immunization with vaccine that did or did not include proIL-33 as anadjuvant.

Specifically, about 150,000 Ly5.1⁺ naïve P14 TCR transgenic CD8⁺ T cellswere transferred into naïve wild-type recipients to make “P14 chimericmice.” The P14 chimeric mice were subsequently vaccinated twice withGP33 alone or GP33 in combination with proIL-33 construct on day 0(prime) and day 41 (boost). The frequency of the Ag-specific CD8+ T cellresponse was monitored in the blood during the course of the prime andboost DNA vaccination with or without proIL-33 adjuvant (FIGS. 5A and6). In particular, FIG. 5A shows the kinetics of Ly5.1 expression onP14-specific CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).For FIG. 5A, error bars represented mean±SEM of four mice per groupwhile ***P<0.001, **P<0.01, and *P<0.05 compared with GP33 alone(Student's t-test). FIG. 6 shows representative fluorescent intensityplots of GP33/Ly5.1-specific CD8⁺ T cells in the blood of vaccinatedmice at days 14, 21, and 31 after first vaccination and day 48 (day 7after the second vaccination). The numbers in FIG. 6 indicate thepercentage of Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells within the total CD8⁺ T cellpopulations.

The data in FIGS. 5A and 6 indicated that mice administered GP33 andproIL-33 constructs had a significantly increased frequency of P14 CD8⁺Ly5.1⁺ T cells in the blood as compared to the mice administered onlyGP33 construct. This significantly increased frequency (about 5-fold) ofLy5.1⁺ CD8⁺ T cells in the mice vaccinated with GP33 and proIL-33constructs peaked at about 14 dpv (days post vaccination) as compared tothe GP33 immunized group. Specifically, the increase in frequency forthe GP33 and proIL-33 vaccinated group peaked 7 days before the GP33only vaccinated group reached its peak at about 21 dpv. These dataindicated that inclusion of proIL-33 as an adjuvant in the vaccinesignificantly expanded the magnitude of Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cellresponse.

Furthermore, seven days after homologous boosting (48 days after initialvaccination), proIL-33 immunoadjuvant significantly increased thefrequency of Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells compared to mice that receivedGP33-only vaccine (FIG. 5A). This increase in frequency of Ag-specificCD8⁺ T cells after boost indicated recall of the established memory CD8⁺T cell pool. These data further indicated that inclusion of proIL-33 asan adjuvant in the vaccine not only significantly expanded the magnitudeof Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cell response after prime vaccination, but alsosignificantly increased Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells response after boostvaccination. Accordingly, these data further demonstrated that theability of proIL-33 to function as an adjuvant in a vaccine bysignificantly enhancing the Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cell response byexpanding both effector and effector-memory Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cellresponses.

Example 8 ProIL-33 Elicited CD62L⁻KLRG1⁺ Effector-Memory T cells

Effector CD8⁺ T cells (e.g., CD62L⁻KLRG1⁺ effector-memory T cells)provide protective immunity and pathogen control, and the above dataindicated that as an adjuvant, proIL-33 increased the frequency ofAg-specific CD8⁺ T cells both in response to prime and boostvaccinations. To further determine the efficacy of vaccines includingproIL-33 as an adjuvant, the P14 mouse model was examined with regardsto the CD62L⁻KLRG1⁺ effector-memory T cell response.

Specifically, populations of T cell subsets can be tracked using the P14(D^(b)GP33-specific T cell receptor (TCR)) mouse model. About 150,000Ly5.1⁺ naïve P14 TCR transgenic CD8⁺ T cells were transferred into naïvewild-type recipients to make “P14 chimeric mice.” The P14 chimeric micewere subsequently vaccinated twice with GP33 alone or GP33 incombination with proIL-33 construct on day 0 (prime) and day 41 (boost).

FIG. 5B shows the distribution of effector memory CD8⁺ T cells fromimmunized mice at day 14, 21, 31 after the first vaccination and day 48(day 7 after the second vaccination). Error bars represented mean±SEM offour mice per group while *P<0.05 compared with GP33 alone (Student'st-test).

In particular, the phenotype of the effector CD8⁺ T cells within thevaccine-induced P14-specific CD8⁺ T cell population was examinedstarting at 14 dpv. The following cell surface expression markers wereexamined: Ly5.1, CD62L and KLRG1 (FIG. 5B). As shown in FIG. 5B, thepercentages of CD62L⁻KLRG1⁺ effector memory cells were significantlyhigher in the proIL-33 adjuvant group compared to the GP33-onlyvaccinated group. Although it was observed that the frequency ofAg-specific CD8⁺ T cells began a gradual contraction 14 dpv (FIG. 5A),the effector population in both vaccinated groups remained the same for3 weeks (FIG. 5B). Together, these data indicated that high expressionof KLRG1 by CD8⁺ T cells was associated with repetitive antigenstimulation. These data also indicated the ability of proIL-33 toenhance ongoing Ag persistent exposure.

Additionally, secondary memory cells showed a greatly expandedpopulation of KLRG1+ T cells in both groups (i.e., GP33 alone and GP33and proIL-33) after homologous DNA boosting, which occurred 48 daysafter initial immunization. The effector-memory responses remainedsignificantly higher in the proIL-33-adjuvanted group compared toGP33-alone group (FIG. 5B). Together, the data of FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 6 asdescribed here in Examples 7 and 8 indicated that proIL-33 increased theformation of Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells and enhanced clonal expansion ofthe effector memory pool. These data further supported that proIL-33 isan effective adjuvant.

Example 9 ProIL-33 Induced IgG Humoral Response

As described in Example 3, proIL-33 and mtrIL-33 did not inducesecretion of IL-4, which is part of the Th2 or humoral immune response.Accordingly, the humoral response to vaccines including proIL-33 ormtrIL-33 was further examined.

Respective groups of mice (n=4) were immunized with ConE6E7 constructalone, ConE6E7 construct with mtrIL-33 construct, and ConE6E7 constructwith proIL-33 construct. As a negative control, one group of mice (n=4)was vaccinated with pVAX. Specifically, vaccination includedintramuscular injection of the construct(s) followed by electroporation.Immunization occurred at weeks 0, 3, and 6. Blood was collected fromeach group of mice one week after the last immunization. ELISAs werethen performed to measure the levels of IgG and IgE antibodies specificfor HPV E6 and E7.

As shown in FIG. 7A, only co-immunization with proIL-33 significantlyinduced E7-specific total IgG compared to other immunized groups.***P<0.001 compared with ConE6E7 construct alone (Student's t-test). NoE6-specific antibodies were induced or detected (data not shown).

In addition, IL-33 has been implicated in allergic responses, whichinvolve IgE antibodies. Accordingly, E7-specific IgE and total IgEresponses in sera were measured by ELISA. As shown in FIGS. 7B and 7C,mtrIL-33 and proIL-33 did not enhance levels of IgE as compared tocontrol vaccinated groups. IgE class-switch is driven by IL-4, and thus,this lack of enhancement was consistent with the low induction of IL-4shown in FIG. 2C and described in Example 3. Additionally, carefulevaluation at the site of DNA vaccination showed no detectable allergicskin reaction. These results supported that IL-33 adjuvant effects in aDNA vaccination setting did not induce Th2-associated responses.

In summary, the combination of antigen and proIL-33 increasedAg-specific IgG humoral responses, indicating proIL-33′s role as aneffective adjuvant to enhance both Ag-specific cell-mediated and humoralimmune responses.

Example 10 IL-33 Induced Anti-tumor Immunity and Regression ofEstablished Tumors

Given the above data that both proIL-33 and mtrIL-33 were effectiveadjuvants that elicited significant HPV Ag-specific Th1-and CD8-biased Tcell immune responses, an in vivo tumor therapy study was used todetermine the therapeutic efficacy of IL-33 adjuvants. In particular,the in vivo tumor therapy study examined the ability of vaccinesincluding either proIL-33 or mtrIL-33 as an adjuvant to clearestablished HPV-associated tumors or lesions and to protect against theformation of new HPV-associated tumors or lesions.

To examine clearance of established tumors or lesions, HPV16E6/E7-expressing TC-1 tumors (5×10⁴) cells were implanted in naïve B6recipient mice. Four days after TC-1 cell implantation, tumors weremeasured (tumors had reached an average size of 3 mm) and groups of mice(n=10) were immunized with pVAX (5 μg), ConE6E7 (5 μg) alone, or ConE6E7(5 μg) co-administered with 7 μg of mtrIL-33 or proIL-33, followed withtwo boosts at one week intervals as outlined in FIG. 8A. pVAX immunizedmice served as a negative control. Tumors were then measured twice aweek in two dimensions with electronic calipers and data are presentedwith the average of these values over time for each individual mouse.Mice were sacrificed when tumor diameter reached approximately 2.0 cm.

FIG. 8B shows the average tumor size in millimeters (mm) over time.Tumor measurements for each time point are shown only for survivingmice. Pairwise comparisons were done for the groups of mice at days 7,14, 21, 28, and 35 after initial tumor implantation and the p values areshown below in Table 1. 9 out of 10 mice in the mtrIL-33-adjuvantedgroups were tumor free 42 days after initial tumor implantation, whileConE6E7-proIL-33 vaccinated mice (i.e., 10 out of 10 mice) inducedcomplete regression of established TC-1 tumors (FIG. 8B).

TABLE 1 P Values for FIG. 8B Comparison p Value Day 7: pVax vs. pConE6E7p ≤ 0.05 Day 7: pVax vs. ConE6E7 mtrIL-33 p ≤ 0.01 Day 7: pVax vs.ConE6E7 proIL-33 p ≤ 0.001 Day 7: pConE6E7 vs. ConE6E7 mtrIL-33 p ≤ 0.05Day 7: pConE6E7 vs. ConE6E7 proIL-33 p ≤ 0.05 Day 14: pVax vs. pConE6E7p ≤ 0.001 Day 14: pVax vs. ConE6E7 mtrIL-33 p ≤ 0.001 Day 14: pVax vs.ConE6E7 proIL-33 p ≤ 0.001 Day 14: pConE6E7 vs. ConE6E7 mtrIL-33 p = NSDay 14: pConE6E7 vs. ConE6E7 proIL-33 p ≤ 0.01 Day 21: pVax vs. pConE6E7p ≤ 0.001 Day 21: pVax vs. ConE6E7 mtrIL-33 p ≤ 0.001 Day 21: pVax vs.ConE6E7 proIL-33 p ≤ 0.001 Day 21: pConE6E7 vs. ConE6E7 mtrIL-33 p = NSDay 21: pConE6E7 vs. ConE6E7 proIL-33 p ≤ 0.05 Day 28: pConE6E7 vs.ConE6E7 mtrIL-33 p = NS Day 28: pConE6E7 vs. ConE6E7 proIL-33 p ≤ 0.05Day 35: pConE6E7 vs. ConE6E7 mtrIL-33 p = NS Day 35: pConE6E7 vs.ConE6E7 proIL-33 p ≤ 0.05

NS is not significant.

Meanwhile, only six mice in the pConE6E7-vaccinated group were tumorfree after 42 days and in the control group all mice died by day 21.Significantly, ConE6E7 vaccinated animals co-immunized with mtrIL-33 orproIL-33 began to show regression of established tumors, within 10 daysafter first immunization, with the majority tumor free 17 days postfirst immunization (FIG. 8B). In contrast, mice that were treated withConE6E7 alone displayed slower tumor regression, and only 4 out of 10mice were tumor free by 17 days after initial vaccination. The IL-33groups remained tumor free until day 42, with the exception of one mousein the mtrIL-33-adjuvant group. In addition, the proIL-33 adjuvant groupshowed complete tumor regression by 17 days post vaccination, whichcorrelated with the peak of CD8⁺ T cell expansion (14 days postvaccination) mediated by proIL-33 described above and in FIGS. 5A and 6.These data indicated that CD8⁺ T cell immunity induced by adjuvantsmtrIL-33 and proIL-33 facilitated tumor regression.

To examine protection or prophylaxis against new tumors or lesions,respective groups of B6 mice (10 mice per group) were immunized threetimes at three week intervals with pVAX, ConE6E7 construct alone,ConE6E7 construct with proIL-33 construct, and ConE6E7 construct withmtrIL-33 construct. Immunization with pVAX served as a negative control.The dosage of the mtrIL-33 and proIL-33 constructs was 7 μg. Mice werechallenged with 5×10⁴ TC-1 cells one week after the last immunization toassess the anti-tumor or prophylactic efficacy of the vaccines. As shownin FIG. 9, the vaccines prevented tumor growth upon implantation, butmice immunized with pVAX (the negative control) died within 40 daysafter implantation. Both proIL-33 and mtrIL-33 maintained and elicitedanti-tumor memory responses similar to ConE6E7.

These data showed that ConE6E7 prevented E6/E7 tumor growth, but did notcause tumor regression as effectively as when mtrIL-33 or proIL-33 wasan adjuvant in the vaccine. As an adjuvant in the vaccine, mtrIL-33 andproIL-33 prevented tumor growth and caused 90% and complete regressionof established tumor, respectively. While only proIL-33 induced humoralimmunity (i.e., increased IgG levels as described above), both mtrIL-33and proIL-33 induced (increased) CD4⁺ T cell immunity, CD8⁺ T cellimmunity, and cytolytic effector CD8⁺ T cells undergoing degranulation.Accordingly, these data together indicated that because both mtrIL-33and proIL-33 provided significant levels of tumor regression, theanti-tumor protection is afforded by the T cell immunity induced byinclusion of proIL-33 and mtrIL-33 as adjuvants in vaccines. In summary,the HPV-specific T cell immunity induced by the proIL-33 and mtrIL-33adjuvants provided substantial protective anti-tumor immunity bydelaying and rapidly inducing complete regression of established TC-1tumors.

Example 11 Materials and Methods for Examples 12-15

Constructs. The DNA construct encoding mature IL-33 (mtrIL-33) isdescribed above in Example 1. The DNA constructs also included an HIV(ConC), LCMV-GP construct, and TB Ag85B construct. All constructs hadhighly efficient immunoglobulin E (IgE) leader sequence inserted at the5′end of the gene. The constructs were synthesized and optimized.

Animals. Female C57BL/6 (H-2^(b)) 8-week old mice were purchased fromJackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me.).

Animal Immunizations and Anti-CD122 Treatment. Mice were immunized onceintramuscularly (i.m.) in the tibialis anterior muscle. In vivoelectroporation (EP) was delivered with the CELLECTRA adaptive constantcurrent EP device (Inovio Pharmaceuticals) at the same site immediatelyfollowing vaccination.

The mice were immunized with either 10 μg pVAX1 or 10 μg pLCMV-NP withor without 11 μg of mtrIL-33 construct. Three weeks after the initialimmunization, mice were sacrificed and splenocytes were harvested tomeasure immune responses.

The LCMV-GP (GP) construct was administered at 10 μg. Depletion ofCD122⁺ cells was achieved by s.c. injection of 20 μg of anti-CD122monoclonal antibody (mAb) (AbD Serotec).

For the HIV and TB immunizations, mice were immunized three times attwo-week intervals with 10 μg of each construct (ConC, Ag85B) with orwithout 11 μg of mtrIL-33. One week after immunization, the mice weresacrificed and splenocytes were harvested to monitor immune responses.

All studies were repeated at least two times.

LCMV Viral Challenge. For lethal challenge studies, immunized mice werechallenged i.c. 21 days after initial vaccination with either 20xLD₅₀ or40xLD₅₀ of LCMV Armstrong in 30 μl of virus diluent (PBS with 20% FBSand 1× Anti-Anti (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). All mice LCMVchallenged were housed in a BSL-2 facility and were observed daily for21 days.

ELISPOT Assay. For mice vaccinated with DNA, all spleens were processedand IFN-γ ELISpot assays were performed to determine theantigen-specific cytokine secretion. Spleens were collected in RPMI 1640medium (supplemented with 10% FBS, 1× Antibiotic-Antimycotic, and 1×β-ME) and splenocytes were isolated by mechanical disruption of thespleen using a Stomacher machine (Seward Laboratory Systems, Bohemia,N.Y.). The resulting mashed spleens were filtered using a 40 μm cellstrainer, treated with ACK lysis buffer for 5 minutes to lyse the RBCs,washed in PBS and then resuspended in RPMI medium for use in ELISpot orFlow Cytometry assay.

The measurement of LCMV-specific T cell responses were assessed bystimulating splenocytes with immunodominant LCMV epitope from theH-2^(b) background (D^(b)NP₃₉₆₋₄₀₄ (NP396)) or (D^(b)GP₃₃₋₄₁(GP33))(Invitrogen). The HIV-specific T cell responses were measured by usingpooled peptides (15-mers overlapping by 9 amino acids; 2.5 μg/ml final).The Ag85B-specific T cell responses were measured by using pooledpeptides (11-mers overlapping by 8 amino acids; 2.5 μg/ml final)spanning the entire TB Ag85B antigen. All peptides were synthesized fromGenScript. Concavalin A (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) was used aspositive control and complete culture medium was used as negativecontrol. Spots were enumerated using an automated ELISPOT reader(Cellular Technology, Shaker Heights, Ohio).

Flow Cytometry. Lymphocytes were isolated and processed from theperipheral blood. Cells were stained with CD8, CD44, CD62L, KLRG1, CD122and MHC class I peptide tetramer to LCMV-GP33 (KAVYNFATC (SEQ ID NO:9))(Beckman Coulter). Intracellular cytokine staining was performed after 5hours (hr) of ex vivo stimulation with either LCMV epitopeD^(b)NP₃₉₆₋₄₀₄ or D^(b)GP₃₃₋₄₁peptide, HIV pooled peptides, and Ag85Bpooled peptides depending on the study.

The following antibodies were used for surface staining: LIVE/DEADFixable Violet Dead Cell stain kit (Invitrogen), CD4 (FITC; clone RM4-5;ebioscience), CD8 (APC-Cy7; clone 53-6.7; BD Biosciences); CD44 (A700;clone IM7; Biolegend). For intracellular staining, the followingantibodies were used: IFN-γ (APC; clone XMG1.2; Biolegend), TNF-α (PE;clone MP6-XT22; ebioscience), CD3 (PerCP/Cy5.5; clone 145-2C11;Biolegend); IL-2 (PeCy7; clone JES6-SH4; ebioscience).

All data was collected using a LSRII flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) andanalyzed using FlowJo software (Tree Star, Ashland, Oreg.) and SPICEv5.2 (available from the National Institutes of Health (NIH),specifically, the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease(NIAID)). Boolean gating was performed using FlowJo software to examinethe polyfunctionality of the T cells from vaccinated animals.

T Cell Proliferation Assay. Splenocytes isolated from immunized B6 mice21 days after initial immunization were labeled with Cell Tracer violetViolet (Molecular Probes) and pulsed with 10 μM peptide for 5 days. CD8T cell proliferation was determined using flow cytometry to assess CellTrace Violet dilution.

Statistical Analysis. Group analyses were completed by matched,two-tailed, unpaired t-test and survival curves were analyzed bylog-rank Mantel-Cox test. For non-equally distributed samples,nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was performed (FIGS. 12E and 12F). Allvalues are mean±SEM and statistical analyses were performed by GraphPadPrism (La Jolla, Calif.).

Example 12 IL-33 Elicited Protection against a Lethal LCMV Challenge

As described above, IL-33 induced both anti-viral and anti-tumor CD8⁺ Tcell responses when administered in a vaccine, and thus, IL-33 served asan adjuvant in this vaccine. To further study the protection afforded byIL-33, when present in a vaccine, the LCMV infection model (also knownherein as the “i.c. LCMV challenge model”) was used. The LCMV infectionmodel was a model for virus-specific CD8⁺ T cell responses in thecontext of vaccine-elicited protection. The LCMV NP structural proteinwas a component and target for protective LCMV immunity because it wasnot a target for neutralizing antibodies.

In particular, three groups of C57BL/6 mice (B6) (n=10/group) werevaccinated by electroporation (EP) one time intramuscular (i.m.) with 10μg of empty vector control plasmid (pVAX) or 10 μg pLCMV-NP (NP)construct with or without 11 pg of mature IL-33 (mtrIL-33) construct.The empty vector pVAX was used as a negative control.

All animals were challenged 21 days post-vaccination (dpv) i.c. with alethal 20xLD₅₀ dose or a lethal 40xLD₅₀ of LCMV Armstrong (FIG. 11A).Animal survival was monitored 21 days post challenge. Experiments wereperformed at least two times in independent experiments and the datashown in FIG. 11 were representative of the result.

Vaccinated animals with NP plus mtrIL-33 showed complete protectionwhile the NP alone group achieved only 60% protection (FIG. 11B). InFIG. 11B *<0.05. In contrast, all control pVAX vaccinated animalssuccumbed to infection. Accordingly, these data showed that miceimmunized with the vaccine using mtrIL-33 as an adjuvant exhibited 100%survival rate to LCMV challenge.

Further studies were completed to determine whether vaccinated mice,which had received the mtrIL-33 adjuvant, would be protected against aneven higher lethal dose of LCMV challenge. Therefore, mice wherechallenged with a 40xLD₅₀ dose of LCMV Armstrong, 21 days post-singlevaccination (FIG. 11C). Animals receiving one immunization of NP plusmtrIL-33 yielded a significant 80% protection, while the NP alone grouponly conferred 10% protection against this highly lethal dose of LCMV(FIG. 11C). In FIG. 11C, **<0.01.

In summary, the above data showed that IL-33, when included in thevaccine, elicited protection against a lethal LCMV challenge.

Example 13 IL-33 Increased LCMV-specific CD8⁺ T Cell Responses

To determine if the above-described protection against LCMV challengewas mediated by the induction of CD8⁺ T cells, antigen-specific T cellresponses were examined by the ELISPOT assay in immunized mice. Inparticular, groups of C57BL/6 mice (n=4-5) were immunized i.m. once with10 μg nucleoprotein (NP) either with or without 11 μg mtrIL-33 followedby electroporation. Mice that received only 10 μg pVAX served as anegative control. Splenocytes were harvested 21 days post vaccination toassess the cellular immune responses. Specifically, the magnitude ofNP-specific immune responses was measured 21 days post vaccination (dpv)in response to peptide re-stimulation using the immunodominant epitopein the H-2^(b) background: D^(b)NP₃₉₆₋₄₀ (NP396). The results of theseexperiments are shown in FIG. 12 as described in more detail below. InFIG. 12, data was shown as the standard error of the mean (SEM) of twoindependent experiments repeated at least two to three times. In FIG.12, *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; and ***, P<0.001 compared with NP.

Compared to NP alone-vaccinated mice, co-immunization withmtrIL-33-encoding plasmid elicited stronger NP-specific T cell responsesby greater than 2.5 fold (FIG. 12A). IFN-γ ELISPOT counts were about2,500 spot-forming cells (SFCs) per 10⁶ splenocytes in the IL-33vaccinated mice versus about 980 SFC/10⁶ spenocytes for the NP alonegroup.

The phenotypic and functional profile of vaccine-induced CD8⁺ T cells inresponse to NP396 peptide re-stimulation was also assessed. Twenty-onedays after vaccination, a significant difference among vaccine groups inthe frequency of CD8⁺ T cells producing effector cytokines was observed(FIGS. 12B and 12C). The NP vaccine co-administered with mtrIL-33elicited a higher percentage of antigen (Ag)-specific CD8⁺ T cellsproducing all three cytokines (i.e., interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumornecrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) (FIG. 12B), anda significant number of these CD8⁺ T cells were polyfunctional (FIG.12C). Compared with the NP alone vaccinated group, the NP+mtrIL-33vaccinated group elicited substantially higher frequencies ofNP-specific CD8⁺ T cells producing either IFN-γ alone (NP, 1.3%;NP+mtrIL-33, 2.3%), dual IFN-γ⁺TNF-α⁺ (NP, 0.76%; NP+mtrIL-33, 1.63%),or triple-positive IFN-γ⁺TNF-α⁺IL-2⁺ (NP, 0.20%; NP+mtrIL-33, 0.43%) inthe spleens 21 dpv (FIG. 12C). Collectively, the enhanced Ag-specificCD8⁺ T cell response induced by IL-33 was indicative of the ability ofIL-33 to provide substantial protection against LCMV challenge.

The cytotoxic potential of vaccine-induced CD8⁺ T cells was alsoexamined in these studies. CD8⁺ T cells isolated from mice vaccinatedwith mtrIL-33 showed a significantly higher frequency ofantigen-specific (IFN-γ⁺CD107a⁺: 2.5%) degranulation compared to NPalone-vaccinated mice (IFN-γ⁺CD107a⁺: 1.2%) (FIG. 12D).

Additionally, the proliferative capacity of the CD8⁺ T cells wasevaluated by monitoring Cell Trace Violet dilution in splenocytesisolated from mice 21 dpv and re-challenged in vitro with NP396 peptidere-stimulation. FIG. 12E shows that mtrIL-33 vaccinated mice underwentsignificantly higher Ag-specific proliferation of CD8⁺ T cells, beingabout 2 fold greater than NP control group. There was also an enrichmentof effector memory CD8⁺ T cells (CD44⁺ CD62L⁻) in theadjuvant-vaccinated group (FIG. 12F). Taken together, the inclusion ofmtrIL-33 elicited robust levels of NP-specific T cell immunity andenhanced enhancing CD8⁺ T cell immune responses.

To further examine the induction of Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells during thecourse of vaccination, the ability of mtrIL-33 to expand the Ag-specificeffector memory CD8⁺ T cell population was studied. In these studies,the D^(b)GP₃₃₋₄₁MHC class I tetramer was employed to follow Ag-specificCD8⁺ T cells as they developed after initial priming. In particular,C57BL/6 mice (n=4-8) were vaccinated once with 10 μg of a LCMVglycoprotein LCMV-GP (GP) DNA vaccine with or without mtrIL-33. Theantigen-specific CD8 T cell population was monitored during the courseof vaccination. In particular, the frequency of D^(b)GP33-specific CD8⁺T cells was monitored in the peripheral blood during the course ofvaccination either with or without mtrIL-33 (FIG. 14A). At day 21,spleens (n=4) were harvested and antigen-specific responses weremonitored ex vivo with GP33 peptide. The results of these experimentsare shown in FIG. 13 as described below in more detail. In FIG. 13, thedata was shown as the SEM of two independent experiments repeated atleast two times. In FIG. 13, *, P<0.05 and **, P<0.01.

Inclusion of mtrIL-33 in the vaccine resulted in an expansion of thenumber of D^(b)GP33 tetramer-specific CD8⁺ T cells in the peripheralblood (FIG. 13A). In FIG. 13A, the cells were gated on live CD9⁺CD44⁺ Tcells. In peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), the frequency ofGP33-specific CD8⁺ T cells was 2-fold higher at 18 and 21 dpv comparedwith the nonadjuvanted group (FIG. 13A). The inclusion of mtrIL-33 inthe vaccine also increased the number of GP33-specific CD8⁺ T cells inthe spleen 21 dpv (FIG. 13B) and Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells secretingIFN-γ, undergoing degranulation, and expressing the transcription factorT-bet (FIGS. 13C, 13D, 13E, and 13F).

Additionally, all mice were boosted with the GP construct alone (21 daysafter initial immunization) to quantify the Ag-specific recallresponses. Compared to the control group, the mtrIL-33 vaccinated groupsignificantly increased the Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells. In the mtrIL-33immunized group, GP33 tetramer-specific T cells were about 3-fold higherstarting 3 days post-boost vaccination (d24) compared to theNP-vaccinated group (FIG. 13A). This significant difference in theamplification of the GP33-specific CD8⁺ T cells was still observed 10days after DNA boost (d31). Consistent with FIG. 12, these data furtherconfirmed the ability of IL-33 to induce rapid expansion andproliferation of Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells. Accordingly, IL-33significantly increased LCMV-specific CD8⁺ T cell immunity against twoseparate viral proteins, i.e., NP and GP.

In summary, the above data demonstrated that the frequency of the CD8⁺ Tcell response was significantly increased when mtrIL-33 was an adjuvantin the vaccine. This increased CD8⁺ T cell response was antigen specificand resulted in increased production of the cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, andIL-2. Additionally, increased frequencies of polyfunctional CD8⁺ T cells(i.e., IFN-γ⁺TNF-α⁺ and IFN-γ⁺TNF-α⁺IL-2⁺) were observed when mtrIL-33was an adjuvant in the vaccine. This increased CD8⁺ T cell response alsoincluded a significantly higher frequency of antigen-specificdegranulation when mtrIL-33 was an adjuvant in the vaccine. The abovedata also demonstrated that expansion of antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells,including effector-memory CD8⁺ T cells, was increased when mtrIL-33 wasan adjuvant in the vaccine. Together, these data further indicated theability of mtrIL-33 to act as an effective adjuvant, namely by inducingCD8⁺ T cell immunity.

Example 14 IL-33 Drove Effector-memory CD8⁺ KLRG1 T Cell SubsetDifferentiation and Prevented CD8⁺CD122⁺ Regulatory T Cell Expansion

Protective immunity against invading pathogens may be mediated by memoryCD8⁺ T cells. Effector-phenotype memory T cells (T_(eff)) may mediateclearance of blood-borne pathogens. CD44 and KLRG1 are expressionmarkers of T_(eff) cell differentiation, and thus, are expressed onactivated and memory CD8⁺ T cells, but not naïve CD8⁺ T cells. Asdescribed above, inclusion of IL-33 in the vaccine induced expansion andproliferation of antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells. As detailed below,studies were conducted to examine the ability of IL-33 to promote memorydifferentiation in the Ag-specific CD8+ T cell subsets induced duringthe course of vaccination (FIGS. 14 and 15). In particular, the markersCD44 and KLRG1 were first examined to determine if inclusion of IL-33 inthe vaccine induced differentiation of T_(eff) cells (FIG. 14A).

C57BL/6 mice (n=4-8) were immunized once with 10 μg of GP plasmid withor without 11 μg of mtrIL-33 construct and were boosted with only GP at21 days after initial vaccination. Antigen-specific responses in theblood were monitored as indicated in FIG. 14A. In FIG. 14, experimentswere repeated two times. In FIG. 14, *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; and ***,P<0.001.

The administration of mtrIL-33 resulted in a significant expansion inthe percentages of CD8⁺KLRG1⁺ T_(eff) cells in the PBLs compared withthe GP-only vaccinated group (FIG. 14B). In FIG. 14B, the population wasgated on D^(b)Gp33⁺CD8⁺CD44⁺KLRG1⁺. The recall response of D^(b)GP33tetramer-specific CD8⁺KLRG1⁺ T cells after DNA-GP boosting was alsoevaluated 21 days after initial immunization. Marked expansion ofGP33-specific memory CD8⁺KLRG1⁺ T cells in both groups was observedafter boosting; however, the proportion of CD8⁺KLRG1⁺ T cells remainedsignificantly higher in the mtrIL-33 adjuvant group (FIG. 14B).

The ability of mtrIL-33 to alter the differentiation of the CD8⁺CD122⁺ Tcell subset population was examined because this population may have aregulatory function and suppress vaccine-induced immune responses. Assuch, the expansion of such a CD8⁺ T cell suppressor population may be adrawback to vaccination strategies.

The kinetics of the vaccine-induced D^(b)GP33⁺CD8⁺CD122⁺ specific T cellsubset during the course of vaccination in PBLs revealed a strikingdifference (FIG. 15A). GP-only vaccinated mice induced higher D^(b)GP33tetramer-specific CD8⁺CD122⁺ T cell responses during the course ofvaccination compared to the GP+mtrIL-33-treated group. Each group had4-8 mice. The frequency of GP33-specific CD8⁺CD122⁺ T cells in GP-groupwas about 3-fold higher starting at 14 dpv compared to the mtrIL-33treated group (FIG. 15A). The inclusion of mtrIL-33 in the vaccinemaintained relatively constant low levels of tetramer-specificCD8⁺CD122⁺ T cell subset over the course of vaccination. As such,inclusion of mtrIL-33 in the vaccine suppressed expansion of CD122⁺CD8⁺regulatory T cells, which in turn, increased the immune response inducedby the vaccine.

In FIG. 15, the data shown were the results of three independentexperiments repeated twice. In FIG. 15, *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; and ***,P<0.001.

When the functionality of this GP-specific CD8⁺CD122⁺ T cell subset wasexamined 21 dpv in the spleen, the Ag-specific CD8⁺CD122⁺ T cells werenot capable of producing IFN-γ (FIG. 15B) upon GP33 peptidere-stimulation. Similarly, the NP-specific CD8⁺CD122⁺ T cells secretedvery little IFN-γ compared to the NP-specific CD8⁺KLRG1⁺ T cell subsetor other uncharacterized Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells (FIG. 15C). As such,NP-specific CD8⁺ KLRG1⁺ T cells induced IFN-γ, but not CD8⁺CD122⁺regulatory T cells. Accordingly, the inclusion of mtrIL-33 in thevaccine significantly altered the CD8⁺CD122⁺ regulatory population.Therefore, the modulation of the CD8⁺CD122⁺ regulatory population wasone mechanism by which mtrIL-33 increased vaccine-induced CD8⁺ T cellresponses

To further examine this modulation, studies were conducted to determinewhether depletion of CD8⁺CD122⁺ regulatory T cells would enhance theAg-specific responses in the GP vaccinated group similar to theadministration of mtrIL-33. In particular, two groups of C57BL/6 mice(n=4 per group) were vaccinated with DNA encoding GP antigen alone.Anti-CD122 monoclonal antibody (mAb) (20 pg) was injectedintraperitoneal (i.p.) into one group of mice on days 3, 6, 9 and 12post-single vaccination (FIG. 16A). The anti-CD122 mAb was used todeplete CD122. The other group of mice did not receive the anti-CD122mAb and thus, served as a control. Mice were sacrificed at 14 dpv andspleens were harvested to assess for the expression of CD8 and CD122.The results of these experiments are shown in FIG. 16 and describedbelow in more detail. In FIG. 16, data were shown as the results of onerepresentative out of two.

CD122 depletion resulted in elimination of the CD8⁺CD122⁺ T cells inmice treated with anti-CD122 mAb (FIG. 16B). At week 2 aftervaccination, the CD122-depleted mice exhibited a pronounced increase inthe number of D^(b)GP33⁺-specific CD8⁺ T cells in the spleen comparedwith Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells in the control group (FIG. 16C). As such,depletion of CD8⁺CD122⁺ regulatory T cells by in vivo administration ofanti-CD122 mAb resulted in an increase in vaccine-induced immuneresponses similar to the co-administration of mtrIL-33 adjuvant as shownin FIG. 13.

In summary, these data indicated the ability of mtrIL-33 to prevent thedifferentiation or expansion of these regulatory T cells, i.e., theCD8⁺CD122+T cell subset. Such a reduction was another mechanism by whichmtrIL-33 facilitated anti-viral immunity.

Examples 12, 13, and 14 demonstrated that the co-administration ofmtrIL-33 construct not only increased the magnitude of IFN-γspot-forming NP396-specific CD8⁺ T cells, but also improved theirpolyfunctionality, increased the cytolytic phenotype of the CD8⁺ Tcells, and their effector memory differentiation. As measured by IFN-γELISpot for the specific CD8 T cell epitope D^(b)NP396-40, the inclusionof mtrIL-33 induced a 2.5-fold greater response compared to NP-aloneimmunization. Furthermore, these examples showed that mtrIL-33 enhancedthe polyfunctional CD8⁺ T cell populations secreting IFN-γ⁺TNF-α⁺IL2+,IFN-γ⁺TNF-α⁺ and IFN-γ⁺ and elicited a greater Ag-specific CD8⁺cytolytic degranulation (FIG. 12). This data was in accordance with thestudies of Examples 1-10 that IL-33 (both of the proIL-33 and mtrIL-33forms) increased the Ag-specific cell-mediated immune response whenco-administered with a DNA vaccine.

Further in accordance with the studies of Examples 1-10, it wasdemonstrated in the studies of examples 12-14 that mtrIL-33, likeproIL-33, induced significant amplification of GP33⁺CD8⁺ T cellresponses in the blood in response to vaccination. As such, IL-33modulated the expansion of CD8⁺ T cells.

These studies of examples 12-14 also demonstrated that secondary recallresponses after boost elicited rapid expansion of tetramer-specificCD8⁺KLRG1⁺ T cells as compared to the GP-alone vaccinated group (FIG.13A). This difference and rapid recall response of the Ag-specificeffector memory CD8+T cells 8 days after boosting agreed with theability of IL-33 to provide an adjuvant effect and mediate antiviralprotection as shown in FIG. 11. Overall, these results demonstrated thatinclusion of IL-33 as an adjuvant promoted antiviral immunity byinducing effector—memory T cells that initiated immediate effectorfunction.

Additionally, these examples demonstrated that depletion of theCD8⁺CD122⁺ regulatory T cells increased the tetramer-specific CD8⁺ Tcell responses (FIG. 16C), which indicated that the increase inAg-specific CD8⁺ T cell expansion and function in IL-33 vaccinated micewas related to the prevention of the expansion of CD8⁺CD122⁺ regulatoryT cells.

Example 15 IL-33 Augmented HIV- and TB-specific T Cell-MediatedResponses

To determine whether mtrIL-33 adjuvant enhanced the vaccine potency forother pathogens requiring both T_(H)1 and CD8⁺ T cell responses, theAg-specific T cell-mediated responses of mtrIL-33 co-delivered with aHIV or a TB DNA antigen was assessed (FIGS. 17 and 18). C57BL/6 mice(n=4-5) were vaccinated three times intramuscular (i.m.) at two weekintervals with 10 μg of either HIV Consensus Glade C (ConC) or TBAntigen 85B (Ag85B) given alone or in combination with 11 μg of mtrIL-33followed by EP. One week after final immunization, mice were sacrificedand spleens were processed. Antigen-specific immune responses weremeasured using cells derived from these spleens.

Consistent with findings in the LCMV model (FIGS. 12A, 12B, and 12C),the inclusion of mtrIL-33 in the vaccine enhanced the numbers of HIV-and TB-specific IFN-γ secreting T cells (ConC, about 3,800 SFC; Ag85B,about 1,062 SFC) when compared with nonadjuvanted groups (ConC, about2,300 SFC; Ag85B, about 333 SFC), respectively (FIGS. 17A and 18A).

In FIG. 17, experiments were performed at least two times with similarresults. Also in FIG. 17, *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; and ***, P<0.001compared with ConC group. In FIG. 18, experiments were performed atleast two times with similar results. Also in FIG. 18, *, P<0.05; and**, P<0.01 compared with Ag85B group.

Furthermore, the cytokine-producing phenotype of the CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ Tcell population after immunization was examined for both of the HIV andTB antigens (FIGS. 17B and 17C, and 18B and 18C, respectively). In mice,the Ag-specific T_(H)1 response after both of the HIV and TBvaccinations consisted of a high frequency of polyfunctionaltriple-positive (IFN-γ⁺TNF-α⁺IL-2⁺), double-positive (IFN-γ⁺TNF-α⁺), andIFN-γ single-positive CD4⁺ T cells in the spleen (FIGS. 17B and 18B,respectively). Regarding CD8⁺ T cells, it was observed that theresponses after HIV and TB vaccination with mtrIL-33 inducedsignificantly higher frequency of polyfunctional double-positive(IFN-γ⁺TNF-α⁺) and TNF-α- and IFN-γ-single-positive CD8⁺ T cells (FIGS.17C and 18C, respectively). These data, along with the data from theabove examples, indicated that IL-33 was an effective adjuvant invaccines targeting different pathogens.

In summary, examples 12-15 demonstrated that co-administration of IL-33during vaccination augmented the magnitude and function of antigen(Ag)-specific T cells against different antigens, for example, LCMV NPas well as HIV and TB antigens. These responses were characterized byhigher frequencies of T_(H)1-type, polyfunctional T cells that exhibitedcytotoxic phenotypes. These T cells were capable of robust expansionupon Ag-specific re-stimulation in vivo and protected against high doselethal LCMV challenge. These T cells were also capable of robustantigen-specific IFN-γ production.

In addition, IL-33 modulated Ag-specific immunity by amplifying KLRG1⁺effector memory T cells and preventing the expansion of CD122⁺regulatory CD8⁺ T cells. In this manner, the adjuvant IL-33 improved theT cell immunity induced by vaccines.

It is understood that the foregoing detailed description andaccompanying examples are merely illustrative and are not to be taken aslimitations upon the scope of the invention, which is defined solely bythe appended claims and their equivalents.

Various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiments will beapparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications,including without limitation those relating to the chemical structures,substituents, derivatives, intermediates, syntheses, compositions,formulations, or methods of use of the invention, may be made withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A vaccine comprising an antigen and IL-33.
 2. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein IL-33 is encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a nucleotide sequence having at least about 95% identity to a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, a nucleotide sequence having at least about 95% identity to a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, and a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.
 3. The vaccine of claim 2, wherein IL-33 is encoded by the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
 4. The vaccine of claim 2, wherein IL-33 is encoded by the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.
 5. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein the antigen is encoded by a first nucleic acid and IL-33 is encoded by a second nucleic acid.
 6. The vaccine of claim 5, further comprising an antigen peptide with the same encoded nucleic acid sequence as the antigen of claim 5, and an IL-33 peptide with the same encoded nucleic acid sequence as the IL-33 of claim
 5. 7. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein IL-33 is selected from the group consisting of proIL-33 and mtrIL-33.
 8. The vaccine of claim 7, wherein IL-33 is proIL-33.
 9. The vaccine of claim 8, wherein proIL-33 is encoded by a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.
 10. The vaccine of claim 7, wherein IL-33 is mtrIL-33.
 11. The vaccine of claim 10, wherein mtrIL-33 is encoded by a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
 12. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein the antigen is selected from the group consisting of: a human papilloma virus (HPV) antigen, an Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) antigen, an influenza antigen, a Plasmodium falciparum antigen, a Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen, a lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV) antigen, and a fragment thereof.
 13. The vaccine of claim 12, wherein the HPV antigen is selected from the group consisting of: HPV16 E6 antigen, HPV16 E7 antigen, and a combination thereof.
 14. The vaccine of claim 12, wherein the HIV antigen is selected from the group consisting of: Env A, Env B, Env C, Env D, B Nef-Rev, Gag, and any combination thereof.
 15. The vaccine of claim 12, wherein the influenza antigen is selected from the group consisting of: H1 HA, H2 HA, H3 HA, H5 HA, BHA antigen, and any combination thereof.
 16. The vaccine of claim 12, wherein the Plasmodium falciparum antigen includes a circumsporozoite (CS) antigen.
 17. The vaccine of claim 12, wherein the Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen is selected from the group consisting of: Ag85A, Ag85B, EsxA, EsxB, EsxC, EsxD, EsxE, EsxF, EsxH, EsxO, EsxQ, EsxR, EsxS, EsxT, EsxU, EsxV, EsxW, and any combination thereof.
 18. The vaccine of claim 12, wherein the LCMV antigen is selected from the group consisting of: nucleoprotein (NP), glycoprotein (GP), and a combination thereof.
 19. The vaccine of claim 1, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 20. The vaccine of claim 5, wherein the second nucleic acid further comprises an expression vector.
 21. A method for increasing an immune response in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering the vaccine of claim 1 or 2 to the subject.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein administering the vaccine includes electroporation.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the immune response in the subject is increased by at least about 2-fold.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the immune response in the subject is increased by at least about 4-fold.
 25. The method of claim 21, wherein increasing the immune response in the subject includes increasing a cellular immune response in the subject.
 26. A method for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering the vaccine of claim 1 or 2 to the subject.
 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising reducing tumor size in the subject.
 28. The method of claim 26, further comprising increasing tumor regression in the subject.
 29. The method of claim 26, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of: an HPV-associated cancer, an HBV-associated cancer, an ovarian cancer, a prostate cancer, a breast cancer, a brain cancer, a head and neck cancer, a throat cancer, a lung cancer, a liver cancer, a cancer of the pancreas, a kidney cancer, a bone cancer, a melanoma, a metastatic cancer, an hTERT-associated cancer, a FAP-antigen associated cancer, a non-small cell lung cancer, a blood cancer, an esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, a cervical cancer, a bladder cancer, a colorectal cancer, a gastric cancer, an anal cancer, a synovial carcinoma, a testicular cancer, a recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, a skin cancer, a glioblastoma, a hepatocarcinoma, a stomach cancer, an acute myeloid leukemia, a triple-negative breast cancer, and a primary cutaneous T cell lymphoma.
 30. The method of claim 26, wherein the cancer is the HPV-associated cancer.
 31. A nucleic acid molecule comprising one or more nucleotide sequences selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical or greater to SEQ ID NO:1, a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical or greater to SEQ ID NO:3, and any combination thereof.
 32. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 31, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is a plasmid.
 33. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 31, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is one or more plasmids. 